Solomos

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Significant episodes 1) victory of an anti-Immigration Conservative candidate Peter Griffiths, in Smethwick in 1964.¹ 2) the arrival of East African Asians from Kenya and Uganda and the Labour 1968 Act deliberately target at them.² Powell –significant for the defence of compulsory repatriation and construction of the image of “white Britains becoming 'strangers' in their 'own country'³

“In summary the decade 1961–1971 saw the introduction of three major pieces of legislation aimed largely at excluding black immigrants.”⁴

“Conservative Party [inc. Thatcher] chose to emphasise the supposed dangers posed to British social and cultural values by the black and ethnic minority people already settled in Britain.”⁵

Three main areas of Conservative action in government 1979–1997: 1) tightening of immigration controls 2) British nationality act 3) dealing with the issue of asylum seekers and refugees.⁶

1981 Nationality Act: created three kinds of ctizenship (British Citizen British Dependent Territories Citizen and British Overseas Citizen) effectively “enshrining racially discriminatory provisions [MacDonald and Blake]”⁷

black communities identified as the source of community problems.⁸

lack of concrete evidence in this period to substantiate claims of the nation being swamped.⁹

“In summary the Thatcher and Major eras can be seen as a time in which concerns about immigration, asylum seekers and refugees became entangled with wider preoccupations about the social and cultural impact of migrant communities, leading to the institutionalisation of an exclusionary framework that sought to restrict immigration.”¹⁰

Whilst in opposition discourse of Labour party developed to regard immigration laws as racist, and the need for firm laws which were “both non-racist and non-sexist.”¹¹

“illustrate New Labour's concern with being tough, and being seen to be tough, on immigration.”¹²

Describes the provisions of the 1999 Immigration and Asylum act as “draconion” particularly 1) the voucher scheme2) enforced dispersal 3) detention scheme 4) carrier's liability¹³

2000 Race Relations Act “exempted from its remit immigration and nationality decisions provided for in statutes or expressly required or authorised by ministers” ministers not allowed to discriminate based on race or colour but allowed based on ethnic and national origin.¹⁴

extension of detention facilities for families.¹⁵

concerning Hattersly's formula affirmed that “ the rationale behind this argument was never articulated clearly, but it was at least partly based on the idea that the fewer immigrants....there were, the easier it would be to integrate them into the English way of life and its social and cultural values.”¹⁶

1J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 59–60.

2J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 60–61.

3J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 61.

4J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 64.

5J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 64.

6J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 64.

7J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 65.

8J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 66.

9J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 66–67.

10J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 68.

11J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 69.

12J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 71.

13J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 72–73.

14J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 74.

15J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 75.

16J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 81.

houston et al;

T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org

“The word ‘Diaspora’ meaning ‘a scattering’ is used to describe this large-scale movement of people from their homeland to settle permanently or temporarily in other countries.”¹

factors that will fuel the increase in migration: economic inequality; the quest for education and economic opportunity; escape from political and social oppression demand for skilled workers; aging populations in the developed world, in need of personal care and pension support; religious persecution; inter-tribal conflict; students used to receive scholarships, but are now more likely to be funded from families; urbanization; population growth.²

“Change can be painful and the changes brought by the movement of peoples are no exception. While the outcomes may be creative, the process can be long and hard for everybody involved. There is no agreement on how diverse societies should live together. Different models are debated. The American ideal of society was the Melting Pot where everything is assimilated in the whole. For some that has been replaced by the Salad Bowl ideal in which each part contributes to the whole whilst maintaining its distinctive form and flavor. Some prioritize Integration while others emphasize Multiculturalism. Many want Contact but fear Assimilation, while others desire total Separation. Whatever form the interaction may take, the result will still inevitably be change and the changes have to be coped with.”³

Diaspora people vessels of cultural extension and economic support.⁴

“Many of us are caught in a cycle of kneeling before the toilet to clean it and kneeling in prayer for strength to do the same.”⁵

claims that the NHS would collapse without diaspora workers.⁶

opportunity to shape leaders from across the world.⁷

potential contributions of diaspora Christian communities 1) welfare of new society 2) reach out to fellow diaspora 3) reach out to other diaspora communities 4) reach out to marginalized people 5)mission bases 6) revitalize Christian community in host country⁸

Considerations for host Christian communities: 1) avoid patronizing 2) avoid racism 3) avoid fear.⁹

Consideration for diaspora communities 1) lack of resources and leaders 2) a minority within a minority 3) inward looking, ghetto mentality.¹⁰

“In the Christian world, Chinese Diaspora Christians have created a world-wide network for evangelism, as have the Filipino Diaspora Christians (See Chapter 7). The Association of Christian Ministries to Internationals (ACMI) was established in 1981 as a US/Canadian fellowship of international student ministry staff and volunteers to enhance networking, cross training and cooperation in North America and globally. It is recommended that all Diaspora groups learn from their experiences and explore networking in this way.”¹¹

presents as options for outreach among diaspora 1) churches emerging as homogeneous units within the diaspora 2) established diaspora churches plant new ones for their fellow nationals 3) different ethnic churches work together to plant churches for new ethnic group 4) international church 5) multiethnic churches¹²

1T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 7.

2T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 8–9.

3T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 13.

4T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 14.

5C Taguba quoted in T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 14.

6T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 15.

7T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 18.

8T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 19.

9T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 20.

10T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 20.

11T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 25.

12T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 26.

Hanciles

Refers to Peter Stearns concept of migration as cultures in motion.¹

claims that many immigrants may become more religious with migration.²

most migrants remain in their region of origin.³

links migration with (de)colonialism and globalization.⁴

“By contrast, increased barriers to immigrant entry in Europe (since 1950) have contributed greatly to that continent's decline in population.” ⁵

tension between the trend towards increased global interaction and the efforts to secure borders.⁶

refers to the concept of transmigrant, i..e the migrant who retains strong ties to his country of origin, often owning property in both countries.⁷

“

Christianity is a migratory religion, and migration movements have been a functional element in its expansion.”⁸

“

Contemporary migration is "a network-driven phenomenon, with newcomers naturally attracted to the places where they have contacts and the buildup of contacts facilitating later moves to the key immigrant centers." Accordingly, in contrast to European-style linear structures, the emerging non-Western movement "is cellular, travels along pre-existing social relations, rests on charismatic leadership, communicates in songs and signals, and understands the human person in his or her relationship to community.””⁹

(About Africans but surely applicable to Brazil) “

the new charismatic churches are often connected to international or global networks that facilitate migrant movement. Also, their leaders are the most likely to adopt a vision for the evangelization of the West.”¹⁰

1JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 146.

2JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 146.

3JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 146.

4JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 147.

5JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 147.

6JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 148.

7JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 148.

8JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 149.

9JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 150.

10JJ Hanciles, “Migration and Mission: Some Implications for the Twenty-first-Century Church” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 29:4, 146–153, 150.

Caseres

G Caseres, “Tolerancia, Racismo, Fundamentalismo Y Nacionalismo” Política y Cultura 21 (2004) 7 –19.

Points out that the discourse of tolerance implies a certainty of one’s identity and ideas and of one’s own superiority.¹

Colonial process constructed on a discourse of cultural superiority.²

Sees eurocentrism as a basis for intolerance. Critiques the belief that Western culture should be the measuring standard.³

Sees religious messianism and nationalism as causes of intolerance. Sees nationalism as a “secularized” version of messianism coming out of the rubble of the wars of religion.⁴

1 G Caseres, “Tolerancia, Racismo, Fundamentalismo Y Nacionalismo” Política y Cultura 21 (2004) 7–19, 7–8.

2 G Caseres, “Tolerancia, Racismo, Fundamentalismo Y Nacionalismo” Política y Cultura 21 (2004) 7–19, 9.

3 G Caseres, “Tolerancia, Racismo, Fundamentalismo Y Nacionalismo” Política y Cultura 21 (2004) 7–19, 10.

4 G Caseres, “Tolerancia, Racismo, Fundamentalismo Y Nacionalismo” Política y Cultura 21 (2004) 7–19, 11.

Ingleby

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J Ingleby, 'Postcolonialism, globalisation, migration and diaspora: some implications for mission', Encounters 20 (October 2007), 15–17, [available Redcliffe site]

o

"In the same way Europe has become the testing ground for a number of new missiological issues such as monoethnic churches in a multiethnic society and witness to the gospel in a post Christian society (often by Christians who have no experience of a post Christian society!)."¹ (15)

o

"Immigrants today, however, encounter centuries’ old civilisations and even more importantly, they remain the minority. On the whole, too, they form a diaspora, that is to say that retain strong links with their place of origin." ²(15)

o

"The global culture demands and then favours those who are prepared to be mobile or at least to plug into the communications revolution at some level." ³(15)

o

"The name ‘diaspora’ ...has now become something of a technical term... First of all, it involves a dispersion from one place or ‘centre’ from which all the dispersed take their identity, though there can be a variety of foreign destinations. All share in a common memory or myth of this ‘homeland’ (even if they are born somewhere else!), something which is so important that there is no likelihood that it will be forgotten. The fact that they remain ‘strangers’, a perpetual minority in their host nation, keeps the myth alive... the ongoing connections with their homeland are an important aspect of their self-identity."⁴ (16)

o

"Typically, diaspora communities are both needy and open."⁵ (16)

1J Ingleby, 'Postcolonialism, globalisation, migration and diaspora: some implications for mission', Encounters 20 (October 2007), 15–17, 15 [available Redcliffe site]

2J Ingleby, 'Postcolonialism, globalisation, migration and diaspora: some implications for mission', Encounters 20 (October 2007), 15–17, 15 [available Redcliffe site]

3J Ingleby, 'Postcolonialism, globalisation, migration and diaspora: some implications for mission', Encounters 20 (October 2007), 15–17, 15 [available Redcliffe site]

4J Ingleby, 'Postcolonialism, globalisation, migration and diaspora: some implications for mission', Encounters 20 (October 2007), 15–17, 16 [available Redcliffe site]

5J Ingleby, 'Postcolonialism, globalisation, migration and diaspora: some implications for mission', Encounters 20 (October 2007), 15–17, 16 [available Redcliffe site]

Ingleby

"Until we treat Christians from the South as equals, we shall not know ourselves or them. It is very difficult to learn the truth from one’s subordinates. We have to change the relations of power or fear to relations of love."¹ (2)

"Culture itself, and certainly the Christian community, needs to be seen as an in-between space – a place of translation and negotiation, something different from what we have now"² (2)

o

"If I may apply this for a moment to us in this country (Britain), the trouble with the English is that much of our history happened overseas, so we don’t know what it means. (Bhabha 2004, 239) The immigrant has come back to remind us, uncomfortably, what that meaning is (241)."³ (2)

o

"We could think of this as what Manuel Castells calls a project identity. Castells suggests that we all begin with what he calls a legitimising identity (what we grew up with) and where we feel that this is threatened it may produce a resistance identity. But the healthy response is to go on to a project identity, where we construct a new identity in response to our overriding life goals (Castells 2004, 8). Tempelman calls this a civic identity, whereby identity is not a given substance, but something which is determined in a pragmatic way in an ongoing dialogue between my own tendencies, impulses and needs and those of the community and even with those outside the community (Tempelman (1999, 23). So the Apostle Paul is prepared to become ‘all things to all people’ so that by all possible means he might save some. He adds ‘I do all this for the sake of the gospel’ (1 Corinthians 9: 23). The project determines the culture, rather than vice versa."⁴ (3)

o

"We can no longer work out, for example, what it means to be British. That is a good thing. All the forms of foundationalism – based on denomination, kinship, locality, ethnicity, credal orthodoxy, gender, easily identifiable allies – are becoming confusingly muddled. Rejoice! The kingdom of God is neaR" ⁵(4)

1J Ingleby , ' Hybridity or The Third Space and How Shall We Describe the Kingdom of God', Encounters 11 (2006), 2 [available Redclife site]

2J Ingleby , ' Hybridity or The Third Space and How Shall We Describe the Kingdom of God', Encounters 11 (2006), 2 [available Redclife site]

3J Ingleby , ' Hybridity or The Third Space and How Shall We Describe the Kingdom of God', Encounters 11 (2006), 2 [available Redclife site]

4J Ingleby , ' Hybridity or The Third Space and How Shall We Describe the Kingdom of God', Encounters 11 (2006), 3 [available Redclife site]

5J Ingleby , ' Hybridity or The Third Space and How Shall We Describe the Kingdom of God', Encounters 11 (2006), 4 [available Redclife site]

Robinson

"Due to the impact of globalization, many influences affecting the European continent are found in other Western cultures and, in a lesser way, (Ester et al. 1993:110, in Robinson 1999:5) in many other cultures around the globe."¹ (1)

"Though many young people in other nations, including Japan, India, Brazil and Argentina, are taking on the trappings of a globalised culture of music and fashion, the deep-rooted values of these “non-Western” societies are not yet experiencing the great upheavals that are felt rippling through the societies of the West." ²(1)

"conjunction with these forces, but particular to Europe, are two major trends which squeeze the population and its organizations from two sides. These two major players are, first, the unprecedented scope of immigration of non-European Muslims, and, second, the demographic reality of a shrinking population. (Pipes 2004, in Robinson 2004:68)"³ (2)

o "There is no question that the balance of the population in Europe is shifting slowly but surely away from one traditionally of European heritage and toward a majority of those who are of non-European descent."⁴ (2 o

"The degree to which Europe succeeds or fails to deal with the challenge of integration of its variant peoples will define its future. There are hundreds pouring into Europe, literally packed into boats, some embarking on fatal voyages in an effort to reach its shores."⁵ (3) o

"Existing European peoples, though they may not want to fill the job vacancies which the mass of immigrants are filling, also may not care to live side-by-side with those of non-European origin who do not learn the local language and are clearly not assimilating into the mainstream of a traditionally European society."⁶ (3-4)

o "The tension created by the presence of large groups of immigrants whose own birth rates tend to be high, usually choosing to live in cultural enclaves amongst themselves, certainly fuels anxiety and anger in the existing, more traditionally European population, and adds urgency to the finding of solutions to the challenge of integration in Europe."⁷ (4)

"There is no consensus “across the board” in EU decision-making circles on how to handle the challenge of the immigrant wave"⁸

1R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 1 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

2R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 1 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

3R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 2 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

4R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 2 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

5R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 3 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

6R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 3–4 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

7R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 4 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

8R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

Huntington

"in post Cold War World flags count and so do other symbols of cultural identity...because culture counts, and cultural identity is whit is meaningful for most people." ¹(20)

7-8 major civilizations in post Cold War world ²(26-29)

"the forces of integration in the world are real and are precisely what are generating counterforces of cultural assertion and civilizational consciousness"³ (36)

"The world... is divided between a Western one and a non-Western many." ⁴(36)

"Latin America...distinct identity which differentiates it from the West...offspring of European civilization...evolved along...different path from Europe and North America...corporatist authoritarian culture...historically...Latin America has been only Catholic...incorporates indigineous cultures." ⁵(46)

Latin America divided in self-identification and relationship with the West "Latin America could be considered either a subcivilization within Western civilization or a separate civilization closely affiliated with the West and divided as to whether it belongs to the West."⁶ (46)

"The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion...but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact; non Westerners never do." ⁷(51)

common cross civilization intellectual culture may exist but limited in scope and shallow in depth.⁸ (57-58)

Arrogance to believe that the consumption of Western goods leads to acceptance of Western values⁹ (58)

"Brazil... is to Latin America what Iran is to Islam. Otherwise well-qualified to be a core-state subcivilization differences [language in the case of Brazil] make it difficult to assume that role."¹⁰ (136)

"what is universalism to the West is imperialism to the rest...Double standards in practice are the unavoidable price of universal standards in principle."¹¹ (184)

"The new wave of migration was in part the product of decolonization, the establishment of new states and state policies that encouraged or forced people to move."¹² (199)

ambiguous response of the West to migration became more negative in the post 1980 period¹³ (199)

"migrants have large fertility rates and hence account for most future population growth in Western societies."¹⁴ (200)

Cost of restricting migration 1) fiscal costs 2) alienating existing communities 3) long term labour shortages and lower rates of growth (204)

Muslim migration likely to reduce with stabilization and decline of population growth in Muslim countries, the same is not true for Sub Saharan Africa¹⁵ (204)

"differences between the West and Latin America remain small compared to those between the West and other civilizations."¹⁶ (241)

1Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 20.

2Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 26–29.

3Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 36.

4Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 36.

5Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 46.

6Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 46.

7Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 51.

8Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 57–58.

9Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 58.

10Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 136.

11Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 184.

12Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 199.

13Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 199.

14Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 200.

15Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 204.

16Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 241.

Guinsberg

Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161-180.

o

whilst exile is tied to political reasons, ties migration to socio-economic factors ¹(163)

role of rich/poor gap as encouraging migration² (165)

role of publicity from receiving countries ³(165)

⁴rupture and fragility in migration process (167)

migration linked to a loss of external identity markers⁵ (167)

migration: rupture with the past; fear of an unknown future⁶ (168-169)

disassociation: process whereby the migrant reacts negatively to all aspects of the past that he has left behind and idealizes the present environment in which he is in⁷ (170-171)

process of confusion between past and present country; seek to overcome through creating a cultural ghetto⁸ (171-172)

ultural change: conflict between different generations concerning adaptation; conflict between compatriots concerning adaptation ⁹(173)

1Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 163.

2Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 165.

3Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 165.

4Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 167.

5Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 167.

6Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 168–169.

7Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 170–171.

8Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 171–172.

9Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 173.

Gillespie

M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994)

"the experience of migrant or diasporic people is central to contemporary societies." ¹(2)

"Social interaction and relations are no longer dependent on simultaneous spatial co-presence." ²(3)

change in our experience of time and space³ (3)

o

cites McGrew on contemporary culture:

universalisation v particularsation; homogenisation v differentiation; integration v fragmentation; centralisation v decentralisation; juxtaposition v syncretisation ⁴ (4)

o

all cultures seen as hybrid and syncretistic⁵ (4)

o

on the challenge for Southall youth "to achieve equality and recognition in British society without affronting their parental values." ⁶(5)

o

terms Asian and Black "have been re-invented in post-colonial societies, by diaspora intellectuals, to convey the sense of a shared culture encompassing deep differences." ⁷(6)

o

"ever more sophisticated international communication technologies and the products of transnational media corporations dissolve distance and suspend time, and in doing so create new and unpredictable forms of connection, identification and cultural affinity, but also dislocation and disjuncture between people, places and cultures." ⁸(7)

o

"Ethnicity presents itself both as a natural given, and as an accident of history and contingency...it is indispensable to our understanding of modern societies...it has the power to mobilize and destroy" ⁹(8)

term ethnic originally applied to outsiders¹⁰ (9)

"By this definition people are born into an ethnic group, tend to remain in it through the practices of endogamy and use cultural and physical markers" ¹¹(9)

"the dominant ethnic group often adopts the strategy of concealing its own ethnic status and attributing ethnicity only to 'others'" ¹²(10)

English ethnicity and British tradititonally attached to nationalism, imperialism, racism and the state ¹³(10)

cites Baudrillard's contention that consumer activities "play a large role in defining people's identities and consciousness than class." ¹⁴(13)

“Hall (1992) suggests three possible consequences of globalisation on cultural identities: erosion, strengthening and the emergence of new identities or 'new ethnicities' "¹⁵ (17)

"thus globalization may mean neither universal assimilation into one homogeneous culture, nor a universal search for roots and revival of singular identities, but a complex, highly uneven process of many-sided translation." ¹⁶(19)

"Translated, or hybrid and syncretic cultures,....may constitute a powerful creative force...can also encounter fierce, often violent, opposition where they are perceived as threatening fundamentalist projects of cultural 'purification'" ¹⁷(19)

refers to the process of deterritorialisation as referred to by Appadurai. Significance: (1) brings migrants into the lower class sectors of wealthy societies (2) critical attachment to home state politics (3) creation of 'invented homelands' through the media and experiences of touristic travel¹⁸ (20-21)

1M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 2.

2M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 3.

3M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 3.

4M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 4.

5M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 4.

6M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 5.

7M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 6.

8M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 7.

9M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 8.

10M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 9.

11M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 9.

12M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 10.

13M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 10.

14M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994), 13.

15M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994), 17

16M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 19.

17M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 19.

18M. Gillespie, Television, Ethnicity and Cultural Change, (London: Routledge, 1994) 20–21.

Castles and Miller

"the migrant is also a gendered subject, embedded in a whole set of social relationships."¹ (31)

"ethnic cultures play a central role in community formation."² (33)

"retention of language and culture by ethnic minorities is taken as a proof of inability to come to terms with an advanced industrial society. Dominant groups tend to see migrant cultures as primordial, static and regressive."³ (33)

ethnic minorities--. culture as a source of identity and resistance towards discrimination⁴ (33)

"As multinational companies take over and repackage the artifacts of local cultures it becomes possible to consume all types of cultural products everywhere, but at the same time they lose their meaning as symbols of group identity. National or ethnic cultures shed their distinctiveness and become just another celebration of the cultural dominance of the international industrial apparatus." ⁵(34)

"Culture is becoming increasingly politicised in all countries of immigration. as ideas of racial superiority lose their ideological strength, exclusionary practices against minorities increasingly focus on issues of cultural difference."⁶ (35)

modern state authroity formally derived from the people therefore it is fundamental to define who belongs to the people⁷ (36)

"Citizenship is therefore the essential link between state and nation, and obtaining citizenship is of central importance for newcomers to a country." ⁸(36)

"nation is essentially a belief system, based on collective ties and sentiments. These convey a sense of identity an belonging, which may be referred to as national consciousness." ⁹(36)

"minorities appear most threatening when they appear to be occupying distinct areas."¹⁰ (37)

challenge of immigrants as they have relationships with more than one state¹¹ (38)

ideal-types of citizenship: (i) the imperial model--being the subject of the same ruler (ii) folk or ethnic model (iii) republican model-- loyalty to a constitution and national cultural (iv) multicultural model, loyalty to a constitution ¹²(39)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 31.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 33.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 33.

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 33.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 34.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 35.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 36.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 36.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 36.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 37.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 38.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 39.

Castles and Miller

"when people come from poor to rich countries, without local knowledge or networks, lacking proficiency in the language and unfamiliar with local ways of working, then their entry point into the labour market is likely to be at a low level. The question is whether there is a fair change of later upward mobility."¹ (201)

"Causes of residential segregation include low income and lack of local networks, informal and institutional discrimination and the desire of immigrants to group together for cultural maintenance and for protection against racism."²

(204)

where racism is weak, tendency for migrants to move on, where racism is stronger tendency for concentration to continue. ³(205)

"Racism is often a self-fulfilling prophecy: it justifies itself by portraying immigrants as alien groups, which will 'take over' the neighbourhood. By forcing immigrants to live together for protection, racism creates the 'ghettoes' it fears."⁴ (206)

"Areas of concentration of specific immigrant groups are often the focus of conflicts with other disadvantaged sections of the population."⁵ (206)

"Much of the energy and innovative capacity within the cities lies in the cultural syncretism of the multi-ethnic population."⁶ (208)

o

in analysing why some groups become ethnic communities and others ethnic minorities "two groups of factors appear relevant: those connected with characteristics of the settlers themselves, and those connected with the social structures, cultural practices and ideologies of receiving societies."⁷ (213)

settlers-- (i) phenotypical difference is seen as the key issue.

o

"some countries of immigration make it very difficult for immigrants to become citizens, others grant citizenship but only at the price of cultural assimilation, while a third group makes it possible for immigrants to become citizens while maintaining distinct cultural identities."⁸ (219)

"Dual citizenship is generally rejected by governments because of fears of 'divided loyalties', yet it is becoming increasingly common, especially for the children of mixed marriages."⁹ (221)

monolingualism is the principle in Britain yet there has been the need to introduce language services for practical reasons.

o

some immigrants can become citizens without discernible political effects, others may become disenfranchised and marginalised members of society¹⁰ (231)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 201.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 204.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 205.

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 206.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 206.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 208.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 213.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 219.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 221.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 231.