Castles and Miller

"when people come from poor to rich countries, without local knowledge or networks, lacking proficiency in the language and unfamiliar with local ways of working, then their entry point into the labour market is likely to be at a low level. The question is whether there is a fair change of later upward mobility."¹ (201)

"Causes of residential segregation include low income and lack of local networks, informal and institutional discrimination and the desire of immigrants to group together for cultural maintenance and for protection against racism."²

(204)

where racism is weak, tendency for migrants to move on, where racism is stronger tendency for concentration to continue. ³(205)

"Racism is often a self-fulfilling prophecy: it justifies itself by portraying immigrants as alien groups, which will 'take over' the neighbourhood. By forcing immigrants to live together for protection, racism creates the 'ghettoes' it fears."⁴ (206)

"Areas of concentration of specific immigrant groups are often the focus of conflicts with other disadvantaged sections of the population."⁵ (206)

"Much of the energy and innovative capacity within the cities lies in the cultural syncretism of the multi-ethnic population."⁶ (208)

o

in analysing why some groups become ethnic communities and others ethnic minorities "two groups of factors appear relevant: those connected with characteristics of the settlers themselves, and those connected with the social structures, cultural practices and ideologies of receiving societies."⁷ (213)

settlers-- (i) phenotypical difference is seen as the key issue.

o

"some countries of immigration make it very difficult for immigrants to become citizens, others grant citizenship but only at the price of cultural assimilation, while a third group makes it possible for immigrants to become citizens while maintaining distinct cultural identities."⁸ (219)

"Dual citizenship is generally rejected by governments because of fears of 'divided loyalties', yet it is becoming increasingly common, especially for the children of mixed marriages."⁹ (221)

monolingualism is the principle in Britain yet there has been the need to introduce language services for practical reasons.

o

some immigrants can become citizens without discernible political effects, others may become disenfranchised and marginalised members of society¹⁰ (231)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 201.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 204.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 205.

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 206.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 206.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 208.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 213.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 219.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 221.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 231.