Migration Watch UK

“Balanced Migration... is based on a simple principle: that the number of immigrants who are given permission to settle permanently in this country should be kept to approximately the same level as the number of British citizens who are emigrating. We are not seeking to reduce the number of people who come to work here for a few years and return home.”20
“until 1982 there was a net outflow of migrants from Britain. Between 1982 and 1997 average net immigration was about 50,000 a year. It has climbed rapidly since 1997 to reach a peak of 244,000 in 2004. This has now fallen to about 190,000 a year.”21
“Net foreign immigration is officially defined as the number of foreigners arriving in the UK intending to stay for more than a year, minus the number who leave intending to be away for more than a year. In 2006 arrivals reached 510,000 (about one per minute) and 194,000 left; so the net figure was 316,000. This amounts to 0.5% of our population every year, and is 25 times higher than any previous wave of immigration”22
“The following are the main government policies which have contributed to this massive increase in immigration:
• Removal of embarkation controls for EU destinations in 1994 and for the rest of the world in 1998.
• Allowing marriage to be used as a means of immigration from 1997.
• Doubling the number of work permits issued in 2002.2
• Opening the labour market to new EU members without restriction in 2004.
• Opening new immigration routes to the UK through the highly-skilled migrants programme and the graduate work scheme.”23
2006 68% of immigration came from countries outside the EU24
3 sources of illegal immigration (1) failed asylum seekers (2) illegal entry (3) overstayers25
Arguments against amnesty for illegal immigrants (1) would be an incentive (2) expensive to administer (3) would allow them to bring in family (4) unfair to reward illegal behaviour with access to welfare state.26
regarding education, problems of schools with many students who do not have English as a first language.27
NHS: problems (1) immigration outstrips growth of NHS (2) costs with maternity, interpretation and translation (3) tendency to go to A&E where questions about entitlement are not usually asked (4) importing of diseases such as TB and Hepatitis B28
Recognises that immigrants have contributed extensively to the NHS (1/3 of doctors and nurses) but claims that this is no longer necessary, especially with the increase of domesticall trained staff.29
strain upon police, especially through the criminality of immigrants, costs with translation and the issue of traffiking.30
claims that migrants cause problems for community cohesion, and that these concerns are shared by Black and Asian minorities in the UK (quotes statistics to this effect).31
refers to research by a House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs which denied that net immigration resulted in economic benefit for the United Kingdom.32 (1) per capita impact of immigration is small, with the cost of population increase33 (2) reduces the training and apprenticeship amongst native population34 (3) increasing retirement age is the only solution for the pension time-bomb, immigration has little impact.35
points to support from business leaders for controls on migration (but are questions to wishy-washy?)36
claim that immigrants and their descendants will account for 70% of the increase in British population growth.37
claims that by 2009 England will become more crowded than Holland, losing only to Malta.38
points to research that c.40% of the demand for new housing will come from immigration.39

20F Fields & N Soames “Preface” in Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 2–3, 3.
21Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 6.
22Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 7.
23Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 9.
24Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 10.
25Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 15.
26Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 16
27Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 17.
28Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 18.
29Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 18.
30Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 19.
31Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 21.
32Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 23.
33Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 24.
34Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 24.
35Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 25.
36Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 27.
37Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 28.
38Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 30.
39Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 31–32.

Migration Watch

denies that the population of Scotland is declining and in need of immigrants.40
re: Government point based system: “A potentially valuable reform is the introduction of “sponsorship” whereby the employer (or educational institution) will be responsible for ensuring the departure of a work permit holder or student when their visas expire. The introduction of electronic checks on arriving and departing foreigners, when implemented, will further strengthen the system.”41 criticisms (1) Wage increases rather than immigrants more effective means to do with skills shortage.42 (2) no limit on numbers43 (3) reduces incentive to train British workers and subjects British graduates to competition from foreign graduates.44 (4) is a route to settlement.45 (5) possibility for abuse46 (6) difficulty of control, and to effect removal, and the sheer scope of the project may lead to collapse.47 elsewhere also claims that it will encourage migration through publicity and for employers bringing in workers for a short period and then claiming they are intra-company transfers.48
Balanced Migration proposals would not affect (1) EU nationals (2) genuine asylum seekers (3) foreign students who do not change their visa status whilst in the country (4) genuine marriages49 would retain points system but without the possibility of settlement and only granting permits for four years; after this a further system capped and controlled by a quota.50
claims a sustainable population growth would emerge in England reaching 56 million in 2056.51 reduction of strain on household growth52
note assumption that EU migration, including Eastern Europe will fall.53 arguments (1) no evidence most intend to settle permanently54 (2) economic growth in these countries as they integrate in the EU55 (3) decline in unemployment in these countries.56 (4) demographic changes with population reduction57 (5) other countries for them to go to in EU as transition period ends58 (6) exchange rate changes.59

40Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 33.
41Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 34.
42Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 34.
43Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 35.
44Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 35.
45Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 35.
46Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 36.
47Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 36.
48Migrationwatch UK, “Assessment of the Points Based System” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/Employment/3_3_PointsBasedSystem.pdf [Accesses October 7 2008] 2.
49Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 37.
50Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 38.
51Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 40.
52Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 42.
53Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 46.
54Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 48.
55Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 48.
56Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 49.
57Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 49.
58Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 49.
59Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 49.

Congdon

P Congdon, “An Analysis of Population and Social Change in London Wards in the 1980s” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 14:4 (1989) 478-491

“The most distinctive feature of the 1980s is the cessation of the high population losses which occurred in many parts of inner London in the 1970s (Champion and Congdon, 1988). Instead a population revival as a result both of net migration gain (or reduced migration loss) and increased natural gain has occurred”¹

““Figure 4 of the general fertility rate in 1981-87 shows the highest levels to occur in working class areas of inner London, especially those with large ethnic minorities. The ethnic group differ- ential is also apparent in high fertility in those parts of outer west London (in Ealing and Hounslow) with large Asian communities”²

1P Congdon, “An Analysis of Population and Social Change in London Wards in the 1980s” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 14:4 (1989) 478-491 479.

2P Congdon, “An Analysis of Population and Social Change in London Wards in the 1980s” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 14:4 (1989) 478-491, 487.

Robinson

"Due to the impact of globalization, many influences affecting the European continent are found in other Western cultures and, in a lesser way, (Ester et al. 1993:110, in Robinson 1999:5) in many other cultures around the globe."¹ (1)

"Though many young people in other nations, including Japan, India, Brazil and Argentina, are taking on the trappings of a globalised culture of music and fashion, the deep-rooted values of these “non-Western” societies are not yet experiencing the great upheavals that are felt rippling through the societies of the West." ²(1)

"conjunction with these forces, but particular to Europe, are two major trends which squeeze the population and its organizations from two sides. These two major players are, first, the unprecedented scope of immigration of non-European Muslims, and, second, the demographic reality of a shrinking population. (Pipes 2004, in Robinson 2004:68)"³ (2)

o "There is no question that the balance of the population in Europe is shifting slowly but surely away from one traditionally of European heritage and toward a majority of those who are of non-European descent."⁴ (2 o

"The degree to which Europe succeeds or fails to deal with the challenge of integration of its variant peoples will define its future. There are hundreds pouring into Europe, literally packed into boats, some embarking on fatal voyages in an effort to reach its shores."⁵ (3) o

"Existing European peoples, though they may not want to fill the job vacancies which the mass of immigrants are filling, also may not care to live side-by-side with those of non-European origin who do not learn the local language and are clearly not assimilating into the mainstream of a traditionally European society."⁶ (3-4)

o "The tension created by the presence of large groups of immigrants whose own birth rates tend to be high, usually choosing to live in cultural enclaves amongst themselves, certainly fuels anxiety and anger in the existing, more traditionally European population, and adds urgency to the finding of solutions to the challenge of integration in Europe."⁷ (4)

"There is no consensus “across the board” in EU decision-making circles on how to handle the challenge of the immigrant wave"⁸

1R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 1 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

2R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 1 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

3R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 2 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

4R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 2 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

5R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 3 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

6R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 3–4 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

7R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), 4 [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

8R Robinson, ' Mega-trends Europe: 1999-2004', Encounters 6 (2005), [available online at www.redcliffe.org]

Jackson

J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986)

"The assumption...that the natural condition of man is sedentary has been responsible for a number of misconceptions regarding the nature of migration." ¹(2)

migration-- significant movement; sustained; distinct social transition ²(4)

difficulty in assessing data on migration, limitation of census³ (9-11)

classical theory of migration: "Benthamite principle" seen in terms of push and pull factors

Ravenstein model makes this more sophisticated by introducing "intervening variables" ⁴(13-15)

"This push-pull model...assumes a process of rational decision-making and perfect knowledge of the system."⁵

Lind claims that labour market models need to become more sophisticated and move beyond simply the level of wages and take into account other economic variables such as infrastructure and social and cultural factors ⁶(17-18)

"As capitalism has expanded throughout the world it has consistently brought new groups into the labour market."⁷ (20)

Petras..."labour migration is explained by the economic and political influence of the core economies over the peripheral" ⁸(21-22)

o importance of a tradition within the family of moving or staying ⁹(39)

o migration linked to an increase in population¹⁰ (41)

o "the absorption of migrants is very dependent on the policies adopted by the host society in receiving immigrants and the attitudes of the people most immediately affected."¹¹ (51)

"Simmel...showed how solidarity was achieved by reference to the other, the outsider, the alien."¹² (74)

o "the act of migration represents a challenge to the known grounds of conformity in both societies that the migrant inhabits."¹³ (74)

" a very general tendency for migrant women who became employed after a move to the city to gain a freedom from many features of traditional dependency defined by their cultural background." ¹⁴(75)

immigrant caught in the contradiction between policies promoting the free flow of labour and capital and those adopting protectionist strategies.¹⁵ (76)

Migration (1) Reserve army; (2) Selectivity; (3) Brain-drain; (4) fragmentation of the working class¹⁶ (79)

1J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 2.

2J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 4.

3J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 9–11.

4J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 13–15.

5J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 15.

6J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 17–18.

7J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 20.

8J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 21–22.

9J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 39.

10J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 41.

11J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 51.

12J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 74.

13J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 74.

14J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 75.

15J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 76.

16J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 79.

Huntington

"in post Cold War World flags count and so do other symbols of cultural identity...because culture counts, and cultural identity is whit is meaningful for most people." ¹(20)

7-8 major civilizations in post Cold War world ²(26-29)

"the forces of integration in the world are real and are precisely what are generating counterforces of cultural assertion and civilizational consciousness"³ (36)

"The world... is divided between a Western one and a non-Western many." ⁴(36)

"Latin America...distinct identity which differentiates it from the West...offspring of European civilization...evolved along...different path from Europe and North America...corporatist authoritarian culture...historically...Latin America has been only Catholic...incorporates indigineous cultures." ⁵(46)

Latin America divided in self-identification and relationship with the West "Latin America could be considered either a subcivilization within Western civilization or a separate civilization closely affiliated with the West and divided as to whether it belongs to the West."⁶ (46)

"The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion...but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact; non Westerners never do." ⁷(51)

common cross civilization intellectual culture may exist but limited in scope and shallow in depth.⁸ (57-58)

Arrogance to believe that the consumption of Western goods leads to acceptance of Western values⁹ (58)

"Brazil... is to Latin America what Iran is to Islam. Otherwise well-qualified to be a core-state subcivilization differences [language in the case of Brazil] make it difficult to assume that role."¹⁰ (136)

"what is universalism to the West is imperialism to the rest...Double standards in practice are the unavoidable price of universal standards in principle."¹¹ (184)

"The new wave of migration was in part the product of decolonization, the establishment of new states and state policies that encouraged or forced people to move."¹² (199)

ambiguous response of the West to migration became more negative in the post 1980 period¹³ (199)

"migrants have large fertility rates and hence account for most future population growth in Western societies."¹⁴ (200)

Cost of restricting migration 1) fiscal costs 2) alienating existing communities 3) long term labour shortages and lower rates of growth (204)

Muslim migration likely to reduce with stabilization and decline of population growth in Muslim countries, the same is not true for Sub Saharan Africa¹⁵ (204)

"differences between the West and Latin America remain small compared to those between the West and other civilizations."¹⁶ (241)

1Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 20.

2Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 26–29.

3Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 36.

4Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 36.

5Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 46.

6Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 46.

7Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 51.

8Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 57–58.

9Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 58.

10Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 136.

11Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 184.

12Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 199.

13Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 199.

14Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 200.

15Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 204.

16Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 241.