CCME

“A report published in 2004 by the UK House of Commons² clearly shows that the costs of migration are outweighed by the economic benefit migration brings. Therefore the Commission’s initiative is a good starting point for a shift of paradigm in the political debate. Migration should no longer be regarded as an indication of crisis and deficit but as a chance and resource for the countries of origin as well as for the hosting societies.”¹

“people migrating for reasons of labour, usually as a main priority, seek thereby to improve their own life and the lives of their families ... come with individual hopes, challenges and skills, interests, and inalienable human rights...Migration can be a source of income and the unofficial social security system for the families of migrants. Moreover, migration contributes to increased knowledge and in some cases improves the economic standing of a country. In other cases it might completely deprive the country of its most needed skilled or highly skilled labour.”²

Links migration to the unequal impact of globalization.³

“The point to be taken from this is that migration in the modern world, in both its forced and ‘voluntary’ versions, has to be understood as arising for many people as an act of necessary adaptation to developments beyond their individual control. In many instances, people migrate in order to ensure their basic survival; in others, because the task of living with a degree of dignity and the hope for a marginally better future requires movement to another country.”⁴

points to the fact that actions designed to combat terrorism affect the issue of remittances.⁵

“approaches the issue of migration as one of “service providers”. This logic in our view raises strong concerns about a perspective, which exclusively sees migrants as a workforce, but hardly as human beings with hopes, plans, dreams and, foremost: rights.”⁶

points to the disaster of the guest worker system in the 1970s and claims that immigration policy needs to take into consideration that whether people stay or return often has little link to their initial intentions.⁷

1Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe “Comments on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations” COM (2005) 390 final Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe Homepage available online at www.ccme.be [Accessed September 10 2008] 2.

2Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe “Comments on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations” COM (2005) 390 final Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe Homepage available online at www.ccme.be [Accessed September 10 2008] 2.

3Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe “Comments on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations” COM (2005) 390 final Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe Homepage available online at www.ccme.be [Accessed September 10 2008] 2.

4Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe “Comments on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations” COM (2005) 390 final Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe Homepage available online at www.ccme.be [Accessed September 10 2008] 3.

5Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe “Comments on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations” COM (2005) 390 final Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe Homepage available online at www.ccme.be [Accessed September 10 2008] 4.

6Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe “Comments on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations” COM (2005) 390 final Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe Homepage available online at www.ccme.be [Accessed September 10 2008] 6.

7Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe “Comments on the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions “Migration and Development: Some concrete orientations” COM (2005) 390 final Churches Commission for Migrants in Europe Homepage available online at www.ccme.be [Accessed September 10 2008] 7.

houston et al;

T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org

“The word ‘Diaspora’ meaning ‘a scattering’ is used to describe this large-scale movement of people from their homeland to settle permanently or temporarily in other countries.”¹

factors that will fuel the increase in migration: economic inequality; the quest for education and economic opportunity; escape from political and social oppression demand for skilled workers; aging populations in the developed world, in need of personal care and pension support; religious persecution; inter-tribal conflict; students used to receive scholarships, but are now more likely to be funded from families; urbanization; population growth.²

“Change can be painful and the changes brought by the movement of peoples are no exception. While the outcomes may be creative, the process can be long and hard for everybody involved. There is no agreement on how diverse societies should live together. Different models are debated. The American ideal of society was the Melting Pot where everything is assimilated in the whole. For some that has been replaced by the Salad Bowl ideal in which each part contributes to the whole whilst maintaining its distinctive form and flavor. Some prioritize Integration while others emphasize Multiculturalism. Many want Contact but fear Assimilation, while others desire total Separation. Whatever form the interaction may take, the result will still inevitably be change and the changes have to be coped with.”³

Diaspora people vessels of cultural extension and economic support.⁴

“Many of us are caught in a cycle of kneeling before the toilet to clean it and kneeling in prayer for strength to do the same.”⁵

claims that the NHS would collapse without diaspora workers.⁶

opportunity to shape leaders from across the world.⁷

potential contributions of diaspora Christian communities 1) welfare of new society 2) reach out to fellow diaspora 3) reach out to other diaspora communities 4) reach out to marginalized people 5)mission bases 6) revitalize Christian community in host country⁸

Considerations for host Christian communities: 1) avoid patronizing 2) avoid racism 3) avoid fear.⁹

Consideration for diaspora communities 1) lack of resources and leaders 2) a minority within a minority 3) inward looking, ghetto mentality.¹⁰

“In the Christian world, Chinese Diaspora Christians have created a world-wide network for evangelism, as have the Filipino Diaspora Christians (See Chapter 7). The Association of Christian Ministries to Internationals (ACMI) was established in 1981 as a US/Canadian fellowship of international student ministry staff and volunteers to enhance networking, cross training and cooperation in North America and globally. It is recommended that all Diaspora groups learn from their experiences and explore networking in this way.”¹¹

presents as options for outreach among diaspora 1) churches emerging as homogeneous units within the diaspora 2) established diaspora churches plant new ones for their fellow nationals 3) different ethnic churches work together to plant churches for new ethnic group 4) international church 5) multiethnic churches¹²

1T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 7.

2T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 8–9.

3T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 13.

4T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 14.

5C Taguba quoted in T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 14.

6T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 15.

7T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 18.

8T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 19.

9T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 20.

10T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 20.

11T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 25.

12T Houston, R Thomson, RGidoomal and L Chinn, The New People Next Door, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 55, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelisation, 2004) available online at www.lausanne.org, 26.

Winder

R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004),

points to immigration being concentrated in London as opposed to the rest of the nation¹ (315)

"Even the word 'tolerance' became a subject for debate, implying as it did a hierarchy of rights in which a benign elite 'tolerated' the outlandish habits of its inferiors. Public servants were sounding oddly old-fashioned, speaking warmly about ethnic minorities in tones reminiscent of a memsahib praising those absolutely marvellous native wallahs who served such wonderful cocktails on the verandah."² (319)

There was a fresh burst of migration on the way, and it was diffuse and impossible to pin down. It had no geographical centre; it involved almost the whole world." ³ (319-320)

by 2000 150 million classified as migrants " a demographic phenomenon that had no precedent" (320)⁴

Globalisation, by concentrating wealth, increases the pressure to migrate ⁵(320)

cheap air fares and quicker communications...."the developed world...could now view Britain as nothing more than a cheap journey away."⁶ (320)

Attractions of Britain for migrants:

(1) cosmopolitan(2) established networks of migrants (3) freedom of religion (4) welfare state (5) large deregulated economy 6) fluid service sector (7) relatively tolerant (8) no ID Cards ⁷ (321)

artificial distinction between those who were asylum seekers (genuine) and economic migrants (bogus) "Were we saying that we were happy...to accept people running from a secret police force, but not those fleeing from starvation." ⁸(322)

"Liberal observers remarked that something had changed in Britain, it was now possible to imprison people who had not committed any crime."⁹ (323)

"important freedoms were being upheld by the vigilance of an independent judiciary in defiance of the vote-currying whims of elected politicians." (¹⁰323)

"Britain was doing its clumsy best to be fair." ¹¹ points out worse treatment in other European countries(329)

"politicians and tabloid newspapers colluded in what amounted to a sustained below-the-belt advertising campaign designed to promote feelings of fear and fury."¹² (337)

claims that British public was misled to believe that immigration was a bigger problem than it really was...lack of authoritative statistics...points to illegal migrants in the black economy....claims that due to their lack of rights they were unlikely to be here to stay...¹³(338-339)

against seeing migrants as an economic burden points to:

(1) migrants contribute more in tax than they receive in benefits (2) valuable international aid service through remittances home (3) carry out dangerous, dirty and difficult jobs others do not do (4) taking low wages, relieve inflationary pressures (5) help sustain consumer boom (6) help finance pension system ¹⁴(340-341)

"Migrants tend to be young but...not too young. They arrive ready to work, so the state does not have to bear the costs of their childhoods." ¹⁵ (341)"If anything exile promotes hard work."¹⁶ (341)

"If it were true that migration is economically harmful, then America would be a minnow, not a superpower." ¹⁷(342)

"we have grown accustomed to believing that were there are problems there must be solutions, and that the failure to find them can signal only incompetence or ill-will. In this case, the closest thing to a simple answer is that immigration will remain a powerful....force in world affairs while wealth remains so unevenly distributed." ¹⁸(345)

liberal paradox..."philosophical difficulties Western democracies face when they seek to deny the very freedoms on which they themselves were founded." ¹⁹(347)

"The English are famously...xenophobic....yet there is a national knack...for appropriating foreign influences and co-opting them as our own." ²⁰(349)

1R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 315.

2R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 319.

3R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 319–320.

4R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 320.

5R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 320.

6R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 320.

7R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 321.

8R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 322,

9R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 323.

10R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 323,

11R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 329

12R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 337.

13R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 338–339.

14R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 340–341.

15R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 341.

16R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 341.

17R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 342.

18R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 345.

19R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 347.

20R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 349.

Jackson

J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986)

"The assumption...that the natural condition of man is sedentary has been responsible for a number of misconceptions regarding the nature of migration." ¹(2)

migration-- significant movement; sustained; distinct social transition ²(4)

difficulty in assessing data on migration, limitation of census³ (9-11)

classical theory of migration: "Benthamite principle" seen in terms of push and pull factors

Ravenstein model makes this more sophisticated by introducing "intervening variables" ⁴(13-15)

"This push-pull model...assumes a process of rational decision-making and perfect knowledge of the system."⁵

Lind claims that labour market models need to become more sophisticated and move beyond simply the level of wages and take into account other economic variables such as infrastructure and social and cultural factors ⁶(17-18)

"As capitalism has expanded throughout the world it has consistently brought new groups into the labour market."⁷ (20)

Petras..."labour migration is explained by the economic and political influence of the core economies over the peripheral" ⁸(21-22)

o importance of a tradition within the family of moving or staying ⁹(39)

o migration linked to an increase in population¹⁰ (41)

o "the absorption of migrants is very dependent on the policies adopted by the host society in receiving immigrants and the attitudes of the people most immediately affected."¹¹ (51)

"Simmel...showed how solidarity was achieved by reference to the other, the outsider, the alien."¹² (74)

o "the act of migration represents a challenge to the known grounds of conformity in both societies that the migrant inhabits."¹³ (74)

" a very general tendency for migrant women who became employed after a move to the city to gain a freedom from many features of traditional dependency defined by their cultural background." ¹⁴(75)

immigrant caught in the contradiction between policies promoting the free flow of labour and capital and those adopting protectionist strategies.¹⁵ (76)

Migration (1) Reserve army; (2) Selectivity; (3) Brain-drain; (4) fragmentation of the working class¹⁶ (79)

1J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 2.

2J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 4.

3J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 9–11.

4J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 13–15.

5J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 15.

6J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 17–18.

7J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 20.

8J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 21–22.

9J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 39.

10J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 41.

11J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 51.

12J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 74.

13J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 74.

14J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 75.

15J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 76.

16J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 79.

Huntington

"in post Cold War World flags count and so do other symbols of cultural identity...because culture counts, and cultural identity is whit is meaningful for most people." ¹(20)

7-8 major civilizations in post Cold War world ²(26-29)

"the forces of integration in the world are real and are precisely what are generating counterforces of cultural assertion and civilizational consciousness"³ (36)

"The world... is divided between a Western one and a non-Western many." ⁴(36)

"Latin America...distinct identity which differentiates it from the West...offspring of European civilization...evolved along...different path from Europe and North America...corporatist authoritarian culture...historically...Latin America has been only Catholic...incorporates indigineous cultures." ⁵(46)

Latin America divided in self-identification and relationship with the West "Latin America could be considered either a subcivilization within Western civilization or a separate civilization closely affiliated with the West and divided as to whether it belongs to the West."⁶ (46)

"The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion...but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact; non Westerners never do." ⁷(51)

common cross civilization intellectual culture may exist but limited in scope and shallow in depth.⁸ (57-58)

Arrogance to believe that the consumption of Western goods leads to acceptance of Western values⁹ (58)

"Brazil... is to Latin America what Iran is to Islam. Otherwise well-qualified to be a core-state subcivilization differences [language in the case of Brazil] make it difficult to assume that role."¹⁰ (136)

"what is universalism to the West is imperialism to the rest...Double standards in practice are the unavoidable price of universal standards in principle."¹¹ (184)

"The new wave of migration was in part the product of decolonization, the establishment of new states and state policies that encouraged or forced people to move."¹² (199)

ambiguous response of the West to migration became more negative in the post 1980 period¹³ (199)

"migrants have large fertility rates and hence account for most future population growth in Western societies."¹⁴ (200)

Cost of restricting migration 1) fiscal costs 2) alienating existing communities 3) long term labour shortages and lower rates of growth (204)

Muslim migration likely to reduce with stabilization and decline of population growth in Muslim countries, the same is not true for Sub Saharan Africa¹⁵ (204)

"differences between the West and Latin America remain small compared to those between the West and other civilizations."¹⁶ (241)

1Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 20.

2Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 26–29.

3Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 36.

4Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 36.

5Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 46.

6Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 46.

7Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 51.

8Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 57–58.

9Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 58.

10Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 136.

11Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 184.

12Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 199.

13Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 199.

14Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 200.

15Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 204.

16Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, (Kingsway: Simon & Schuster, 1997) 241.

Guinsberg

Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161-180.

o

whilst exile is tied to political reasons, ties migration to socio-economic factors ¹(163)

role of rich/poor gap as encouraging migration² (165)

role of publicity from receiving countries ³(165)

⁴rupture and fragility in migration process (167)

migration linked to a loss of external identity markers⁵ (167)

migration: rupture with the past; fear of an unknown future⁶ (168-169)

disassociation: process whereby the migrant reacts negatively to all aspects of the past that he has left behind and idealizes the present environment in which he is in⁷ (170-171)

process of confusion between past and present country; seek to overcome through creating a cultural ghetto⁸ (171-172)

ultural change: conflict between different generations concerning adaptation; conflict between compatriots concerning adaptation ⁹(173)

1Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 163.

2Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 165.

3Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 165.

4Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 167.

5Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 167.

6Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 168–169.

7Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 170–171.

8Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 171–172.

9Enrico Guinsberg, “Migraciones, Exilios e Traumas Psiquicos,” Política y Cultura, no. 23 (2005), 161–180, 173.

Castles and Miller

"new forms of global migration and growing ethnic diversity are related to fundamental transformations in economic, social and political structures in this post-modern and post-Cold War epoch."¹ (2)

"Developments included the upheavels in the former Soviet bloc, the Gulf War; the Intfada in occupied Palestine; the crumbling of apartheid in South Africa; wars, famines and crises throughout Africa; rapid growth and development in Asia; a shift from dictatorships to unstable and debt-plagued democracies in Latin America; and growing economic and political integration in Western Europe."² (2-3)

underdeveloped countries migration linked to the "social crisis which accompanies integration into the world market and modernisation."³ (3)

point out that many international migrants are those who previously were rural-urban migrants.⁴ (3)

reasons for migration

(1) Growing inequalities between North and South

(2) political, ecological and demographic pressures

(3) creation of new free trade areas⁵

(4)

o

"Venezuela, Brazil, the Dominican Republic and Argentina are major poles of immigration. Many countries are simultaneously countries of emigration and immigration."⁶ (7-8)

o

tendencies:

Globalization of migration; accelaration of migration; differentiation of migration; feminisation of migration⁷

(8)

o

"it was only in the late 1980s that international migration began to be accorded high-level and systematic attention...as the European Community countries removed their internal boundaries, they became increasingly concerned about strengthening external boundaries..."⁸ (9)

1 S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 2.

2 S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 2–3.

3 S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 3.

4 S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 4.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 4.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 7–8.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 8.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 9.

Castles and Miller

1990s-- extreme-right mobilization and "supposed threats to national identity" brought these issues to the centre ofg the political stage.¹ (9)

"immigration complicates existing conflicts or divisions in societies with long-standing ethnic minorities."² (12)

tension and contradiction between seeking assimilation and allowing long-term cultural difference.³ (12-13)

"Immigration has often taken place at the same time as economic restructuring and major changes in political and social structures...people whose conditions of life are already changing in an unpredictable way often see the newcomers as the cause of insecurity. They fear that they are being 'swamped' by forces beyond their control...Migrations and minorities are seen as a danger to living standards, life styles and social cohesion..."⁴ (13

Racism as a threat not just to immigrants but also to democracy and social order.⁵ (13)

challenge of shaping social policies and structuring social services.⁶ (14)

nation state founded on the myth of cultural and political unity, threatened by the arrival of immigrants. resolution sought through rules governing citizenship and naturalisation.⁷ (14)

"migrants intentions at the time of departure are poor predictors of actual behaviour."⁸ (18)

sets the behaviour of the migrant beyond the individual dimension in the context of social changes in country of origin and country to which will migrate ⁹(18)

Ravenstein, push and pull theories, generally quite individualistic and ahistorical¹⁰ (19-20)

crititicised for being simplistic and unable to explain "actual movements or predicting future ones." ¹¹(20-21)

do not explain

(1) why it is not the poorest who migrate, but those of an intermediate state.

(2) why migration is often towards densely populated areas not away from them.

(3) why migrants choose to go to some areas and not others. ¹²(21)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993)9.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 12.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 12–13,

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 13.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 13.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 14.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 14.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 18.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 18.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 19–20.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 20–21.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21.

Castles and Miller

existence of prior links between sending and receiving countries based on colonisation, political influence, trade investment or cultural ties."¹ (21)

"the state almost invariably plays a major role in initiating, shaping and controlling movements."² (21-2

migration systems approach: macro-structures--> large scale institutional factors; micro-structures--->networks, practices and beliefs of the migrants³ (22)

macro structures: political economy of the world market, relationships between states, policies and practices of sending and receiving countries ⁴(23)

four stage migratory process

(1) temporary labour migration

(2) prolonging of stay and establishment of labour networks

(3) family reunion

(4) permanent settlement⁵ (25)

model less appropriate for refugee movements or short term migration of highly skilled personnel⁶ (25)

"Critics of immigration portray ethnic minorities as a threat to economic well-being, public order and national identity. Yet these ethnic minorities may in fact be the creation of the very people who fear them."⁷ (26)

"An ethnic minority is therefore a product of both 'other-definition' and of self-definition."⁸ (27)

"whether ethnicity is 'primordial', 'situational' or 'instrumental' need not concern us further here. The point is that ethnicity leads to identification with a specific group, but its visible markers- phenotype, language, culture, customs, religion, behaviour,- may also be used as criteria for exclusion by other groups." ⁹(29)

"Racism means making (and acting upon) predictions about people's character, abilities or behaviour on the basis of socially constructed markers of difference." ¹⁰(30)

Structural racism--> developing structures that exclude or discriminate; Informal racism--> behaviour by members of the dominant group¹¹ (30)

increase in racism linked to decline in optimism and the fact that world economic restructuring has occurred at the same time as the arrival of ethnic minorities.¹² (30-31)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21–22.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 22

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 23.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 25.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 25.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 26.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 27.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 29.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30–31.

Castles and Miller

"The question is whether democratic states can in the long run successfully operate with a population differentiated into full citizens, quasi-citizens and foreigners."¹ (40)

believe that the nature of citizenship will change and the link to one nation state become more tenuous² (40)

o

"these rapid changes in global economic and political relationships have had dramatic effects in Africa, Asia and Latin America...many countries are marked by rapid population growth, overuse and destruction of natural resources, uncontrolled urbanization, political instability, falling living standards, poverty and even famine."³ (77-78)

o

"Much migration of qualified personnel is from less-developed to highly-developed countries...The "brain drain" can represent a serious loss of skilled personnel and training resources for the poorer countries. On the other hand, many of the migrants were unable to find work in their home countries. Their remittances may be seen as a benefit, and many return eventually with additional training and experience, which can facilitate technology transfer." ⁴(88)

o

"Illegal migration is, by definition, a product of the laws made to control migration."⁵ (90)

"Official views on illegal immigration changed dramatically as economic conditions worsened, unemployment increased and anti-immigrant political movements began to attract support." ⁶(91)

"growing agreement that entry restrictions could have only limited success."⁷ (93)

International cooperation to abate migration to Europe: (1) trade liberalization (2) direct investment (3) foreign aid ⁸(95-96)

o

"probably the single most important factor behind the rise in emigration from the Latin American and Caribbean countries has been the declining level of economic performance."⁹ (151)

o

OECD conference on Migration. (1986)..reasons for increasing alien employment:

"the ageing of Western Societies, demographic imbalances between developed and developing regions in close proximity to each other, the North-South gap, continuing employer demand for foreign labour and the growth of illegal migration."¹⁰ (169)

"many of the exploding cities of Asia and Latin America become way stations on the road to urban centres in industrial democracies."¹¹ (172)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 40.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 40.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 77–78.

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 88.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 90.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 91.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 93.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 95–96.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 151.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 169.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 172.