Castles and Miller

existence of prior links between sending and receiving countries based on colonisation, political influence, trade investment or cultural ties."¹ (21)

"the state almost invariably plays a major role in initiating, shaping and controlling movements."² (21-2

migration systems approach: macro-structures--> large scale institutional factors; micro-structures--->networks, practices and beliefs of the migrants³ (22)

macro structures: political economy of the world market, relationships between states, policies and practices of sending and receiving countries ⁴(23)

four stage migratory process

(1) temporary labour migration

(2) prolonging of stay and establishment of labour networks

(3) family reunion

(4) permanent settlement⁵ (25)

model less appropriate for refugee movements or short term migration of highly skilled personnel⁶ (25)

"Critics of immigration portray ethnic minorities as a threat to economic well-being, public order and national identity. Yet these ethnic minorities may in fact be the creation of the very people who fear them."⁷ (26)

"An ethnic minority is therefore a product of both 'other-definition' and of self-definition."⁸ (27)

"whether ethnicity is 'primordial', 'situational' or 'instrumental' need not concern us further here. The point is that ethnicity leads to identification with a specific group, but its visible markers- phenotype, language, culture, customs, religion, behaviour,- may also be used as criteria for exclusion by other groups." ⁹(29)

"Racism means making (and acting upon) predictions about people's character, abilities or behaviour on the basis of socially constructed markers of difference." ¹⁰(30)

Structural racism--> developing structures that exclude or discriminate; Informal racism--> behaviour by members of the dominant group¹¹ (30)

increase in racism linked to decline in optimism and the fact that world economic restructuring has occurred at the same time as the arrival of ethnic minorities.¹² (30-31)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21–22.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 22

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 23.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 25.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 25.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 26.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 27.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 29.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30–31.