Castles and Miller

"the migrant is also a gendered subject, embedded in a whole set of social relationships."¹ (31)

"ethnic cultures play a central role in community formation."² (33)

"retention of language and culture by ethnic minorities is taken as a proof of inability to come to terms with an advanced industrial society. Dominant groups tend to see migrant cultures as primordial, static and regressive."³ (33)

ethnic minorities--. culture as a source of identity and resistance towards discrimination⁴ (33)

"As multinational companies take over and repackage the artifacts of local cultures it becomes possible to consume all types of cultural products everywhere, but at the same time they lose their meaning as symbols of group identity. National or ethnic cultures shed their distinctiveness and become just another celebration of the cultural dominance of the international industrial apparatus." ⁵(34)

"Culture is becoming increasingly politicised in all countries of immigration. as ideas of racial superiority lose their ideological strength, exclusionary practices against minorities increasingly focus on issues of cultural difference."⁶ (35)

modern state authroity formally derived from the people therefore it is fundamental to define who belongs to the people⁷ (36)

"Citizenship is therefore the essential link between state and nation, and obtaining citizenship is of central importance for newcomers to a country." ⁸(36)

"nation is essentially a belief system, based on collective ties and sentiments. These convey a sense of identity an belonging, which may be referred to as national consciousness." ⁹(36)

"minorities appear most threatening when they appear to be occupying distinct areas."¹⁰ (37)

challenge of immigrants as they have relationships with more than one state¹¹ (38)

ideal-types of citizenship: (i) the imperial model--being the subject of the same ruler (ii) folk or ethnic model (iii) republican model-- loyalty to a constitution and national cultural (iv) multicultural model, loyalty to a constitution ¹²(39)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 31.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 33.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 33.

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 33.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 34.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 35.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 36.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 36.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 36.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 37.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 38.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 39.