Castles and Miller

1990s-- extreme-right mobilization and "supposed threats to national identity" brought these issues to the centre ofg the political stage.¹ (9)

"immigration complicates existing conflicts or divisions in societies with long-standing ethnic minorities."² (12)

tension and contradiction between seeking assimilation and allowing long-term cultural difference.³ (12-13)

"Immigration has often taken place at the same time as economic restructuring and major changes in political and social structures...people whose conditions of life are already changing in an unpredictable way often see the newcomers as the cause of insecurity. They fear that they are being 'swamped' by forces beyond their control...Migrations and minorities are seen as a danger to living standards, life styles and social cohesion..."⁴ (13

Racism as a threat not just to immigrants but also to democracy and social order.⁵ (13)

challenge of shaping social policies and structuring social services.⁶ (14)

nation state founded on the myth of cultural and political unity, threatened by the arrival of immigrants. resolution sought through rules governing citizenship and naturalisation.⁷ (14)

"migrants intentions at the time of departure are poor predictors of actual behaviour."⁸ (18)

sets the behaviour of the migrant beyond the individual dimension in the context of social changes in country of origin and country to which will migrate ⁹(18)

Ravenstein, push and pull theories, generally quite individualistic and ahistorical¹⁰ (19-20)

crititicised for being simplistic and unable to explain "actual movements or predicting future ones." ¹¹(20-21)

do not explain

(1) why it is not the poorest who migrate, but those of an intermediate state.

(2) why migration is often towards densely populated areas not away from them.

(3) why migrants choose to go to some areas and not others. ¹²(21)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993)9.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 12.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 12–13,

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 13.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 13.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 14.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 14.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 18.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 18.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 19–20.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 20–21.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21.

Castles and Miller

"Mobilization of immigrants and ethnic minorities outside the normal channels of political representation is often linked to experience of exclusion from the system, either through racist violence or institutional discrimination." ¹(237)

o

"Immigration issues have served as an entrée for extreme right-wing parties into mainstream politics across Western Europe."² (245)

claims that Thatcher's Conservaties preempted the National Front by "adopting key parts of its programme."³ (245)

o

challenges facing governments and peoples of immigration;

regulating legal immigration; integration; coping with illegal migration; finding long term solutions to emigration pressure; determining the role of ethnic diversity⁴ (262)

o

" A multicultural approach enhances democratic life in that it allows for choice."⁵ (264)

o

"The reasons for the present insufficiency of control measures are not difficult to understand. They contradict the powerful forces which are leading towards greater economic and cultural interchange. In an increasingly international economy, it is difficult to open borders for movements of information, commodities and capital and yet close them to people." ⁶(267)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 237.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 245.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 245.

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 262.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 264.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 267.