Migration Watch

points to the different policies of the political parties on immigration.60
main issue is whether contributing to society as a worker for 3-4 years should automatically have a path leading to settlement.61
economic migration (note admittance that most do not migrate for work purposes) may benefit employers, but costly for taxpayers and sectors of the indigenous population.62
contra claims of contribution in taxes claims (1) year used 1999/2000 atypical in terms of overall government surplus (2) ignores costs of immigrants (3) unfair in that it compares young immigrants to an, in average, older indigenous population.63
remittances have a negative effect on foreign exchange.64
claims of immigrant contribution have underestimated their impact on population growth, especially children born in the UK.65 in another paper this is amended, Government treats UK born children of mixed marriages as UK children, MWUK would rather they were treated as half/half.66 Still maintain there is no net benefit when compared to existing population.67
Quotes M Wolffe “The desirability of sizeable immigration is a matter more of values than of economics. It is not a choice between wealth and poverty, but of the sort of country one desires to inhabit.”68
note fear of a “Back door” route into the UK, especially through (1) amnesty to illegals in other countries (2) fast access to citizenship/settlement, would prefer 10 years of residence.69
points to London receiving 65% of immigrants.70
complains about the excessive extensions granted to student visas, which it sees as another “back door” into the UK.71
Statistics on Brazilian students (new visas/extensions) 2001: 10700/3395 ....2002: 9700/4635....2003: 8840/753072
claims that with zero net migration only 30% of the current projected homes built on greenfield sites would need to be built.73
Disputes claims by IPPR that granting an amnesty to illegal immigrants would bring in £1 billion a year to the treasury claiming that the cost would actually be of £0.8-1.8 billion a year. Main arguments: 1) IPPR calculations do not include the various public funds that immigrants would have access to 2) IPPR calculations underestimated the number of immigrants but overestimated the number in employment and how much they are earning.74 [note however that MWUK do not factor in the cost of deporting the illegal immigrants]
Outlines the UK Borders Act of 2007, significant for 1) the power of deportation at ports 2) biometric ID for immigrants 3) automatic deportation of foreign criminals.75
suggests that confusion may arise because of changes in terminology.76 Because Home Office is not always able to send Presenting Officers to Immigration Appeals, proposes that judges be allowed a more inquisitorial role.77
“The internationally accepted United Nations definition of a migrant is someone who changes his or
her country of usual residence for a period of at least a year”78

60Migrationwatch UK, Balanced Migration, (Deddington: Migrationwatch UK, 2008) 51–54.
61Migrationwatch UK, “Migrants-Do they Bring Economic Benefit” MWUK Homepage available online at http://migrationwatch.co.uk/pdfs/economic/1_1_Migrants_Do_they_bring_economic_benefit.pdf, [Accessed October 7 2008] 1.
62Migrationwatch UK, “Migrants-Do they Bring Economic Benefit” MWUK Homepage available online at http://migrationwatch.co.uk/pdfs/economic/1_1_Migrants_Do_they_bring_economic_benefit.pdf, [Accessed October 7 2008] 2.
63Migrationwatch UK, “Migrants-Do they Bring Economic Benefit” MWUK Homepage available online at http://migrationwatch.co.uk/pdfs/economic/1_1_Migrants_Do_they_bring_economic_benefit.pdf, [Accessed October 7 2008] 2.
64Migrationwatch UK, “Migrants-Do they Bring Economic Benefit” MWUK Homepage available online at http://migrationwatch.co.uk/pdfs/economic/1_1_Migrants_Do_they_bring_economic_benefit.pdf, [Accessed October 7 2008] 3.
65Migrationwatch UK, “Migrants-Do they Bring Economic Benefit” MWUK Homepage available online at http://migrationwatch.co.uk/pdfs/economic/1_1_Migrants_Do_they_bring_economic_benefit.pdf, [Accessed October 7 2008] 3–4.
66Migrationwatch UK, “The fiscal contribution of migrants (revised)” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/economic/1_10_Fiscal_contribution_of_migrants_190806.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008] 2.
67Migrationwatch UK, “The fiscal contribution of migrants (revised)” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/economic/1_10_Fiscal_contribution_of_migrants_190806.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008] 2.
68Migrationwatch UK, “Migrants-Do they Bring Economic Benefit” MWUK Homepage available online at http://migrationwatch.co.uk/pdfs/economic/1_1_Migrants_Do_they_bring_economic_benefit.pdf, [Accessed October 7 2008] 9.
69A Green, “Evidence to the House of Lords Select Committee on the European Union Sub-Committee F (Home Affairs) – INQUIRY INTO ECONOMIC MIGRATION TO THE EU” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/economic/1_8_inquiry_into_economic_migration_to_the_eu.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008] 1.
70Migrationwatch UK, “Submission to the House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs on ‘The Economic Impact of Immigration’” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/economic/1_18_Submission_to_Hof.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008] 2.
71Migrationwatch UK, “Student 'Scams' provide yet another back door into Britain” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/Education/2_2_student_visa_extension.pdf [Accessed October 8 2008] 1.
72Migrationwatch UK, “Student 'Scams' provide yet another back door into Britain” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/Education/2_2_student_visa_extension.pdf [Accessed October 8 2008] 2.
73Migrationwatch UK, “The impact of immigration on housing in England” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/Housing/7_9_Impact_of_Immigration_on_housing.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008] 2.
74Migrationwatch UK, “THE TRUE COST OF AN AMNESTY FOR ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/Legal/8_19_True_cost_of_Amnesty.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008].
75H Mitchell, “UK Borders Act 2007” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/Legal/8_21_UK_Borders_Act_07.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008]
76H Mitchell, “Draft (Partial) Immigration and Citizenship Bill” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/Legal/BP8_28.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008] 2.
77H Mitchell, “Draft (Partial) Immigration and Citizenship Bill” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/Legal/BP8_28.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008] 4.
78Migrationwatch UK, “The Measurement of Migration” MWUK Homepage available online at http://www.migrationwatchuk.com/pdfs/MigrationTrends/9_1_Measuring_immigration.pdf [Accessed October 7 2008] 1.

Rutter

Addition of 2 million people to the foreign-born population resident in the UK.1 contrary to previous migration, this involves people from countries without historical ties to the UK and less familiar with the language, culture and practices.2 Since 1997 emergence of many new ethnic communities.3
Claims that at a time when the government has sought to make taking up citizenship more meaningful, “supermobility” has meant that less migrants are eligible or interested in taking up citizenship, making the use of naturalisation as a a means to promote integration less effective.4
points out that whilst net migration has increased, the emigration of both British citizens and non-British residents has increased substantially since the 1990s.5 “migrationflowshavebecomemore
diverse,with more people arriving from a larger range of countries for a more diverse set of reasons”6 increased diversity in the foreign born population.7


table with the 35/36 highest foreign-born populations in UK; note that Brazil does not appear, as Singapore in 35 has a population in 2007 of 41,800 this raises questions about the 180,000 Brazilians in the UK claim.8


“about a third of all foreign-born people currently in the UK,oraround2millionpeople,have been in the UK for five years or less. Around half have been here for 10 years or less....While a fifth of immigrants in 1997 had arrived within the previous five-year period, this proportion had increased to a quarter in 2002 and stands currently a ta third. At the other end of
the spectrum,the proportion of immigrants who had been in the UK for20 years or more fell from around a half in 1997 to a third in 2007.”9 Increase in temporary and circular migration,10 Reasons (1) behaviour of Central and Eastern Europe migrants (2) Skilled migrants who come with work permits much less likely to choose settlement11 (3) International students, increase in numbers returning (except last two years (i) encouraged to work by government policy (ii) longer studies –one reason not explored is fear of not being able to return with tighter entry controls.)12 (4) asylum seekers situation often temporary (v) irregular migrants not granted settlement.13
refers to the challenge to cohesion and integration caused by the increased mobility of these migrants within the UK.14
refers to the emergence of a group of “denizens” who have access to some of the entitlements of citizenship, but not all.15
40% of migrants eligible to take up British citizenship choose not to do so.16 the lower the income in the country of origin, the more likely to take up citizenship.17 suggest that whilst naturalisation might increase, the number of migrants choosing to naturalise might also.18
reasons for taking up passport in survey 1) advantages (thus less for EU nationals) 2) facilitates emigration to USA/Canada 3) security from removal.19
Migrant perspective on integration facilitated by 1) secure immigration status 2) tolerance 3) employment 4) fluency in English 5) social networks 6) support from advisers/ professionals.20
Social interaction: although many have friends outside of their community process complicated by 1) language barriers 2) many here only for the short term 3) low income, multijobs, little leisure time 4) rejection by the British majority.21 migrants more religiously active than British population.22
highly educated and established involved in volunteering.23
Primary attachment to the UK emerges with length of residence, owning property and having children; many feel attached to the UK but not connected to their local community. For some home is both here and there.24
personal and idiosyncratic notions of Britishness often attached to freedom and security.25
note the attempt to move away from ethnic nationalism towards a civic nationalism, based on rights, values, institutions and language.26 Critics still claim that this resorts to “irrelevant mythologies and imagined communities.”27 and still end up with white people policing what it means to be British.28 It is in the context of insecurity about British identity, the spread of far right ideas amongst white working class and the fear of religious extremism, that the concern for citizenship ceremonies and tests has emerged.29
claim that progressive citizenship policy should seek to integrate short-term and circular migrants.30
critiques the high cost attached to naturalisation.31 need to make naturalisation a positive experience, rather than one done to avoid negative consequences.32 suggest extending the right for registered migrants to vote in local elections.33 need for a national strategy of volunteering.34 Both local councils and universities and colleges should have strategies for integration.35
1J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 5.
2J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 5.
3J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 5.
4J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 5.
5J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 6.
6J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 6.
7J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 7.
8J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 7.
9J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 8.
10J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 8.
11J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 9.
12J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 9–10.
13J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 10.
14J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 10–11.
15J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 11.
16J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 13.
17J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 14.
18J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 14.
19J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 15–16.
20J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 16.
21J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 17.
22J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 17.
23J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 18.
24J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 18–19.
25J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 19.
26J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 21.
27J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 22.
28J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 22.
29J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 22.
30J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 23.
31J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008)24.
32J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 24.
33J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 25.
34J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 25.
35J Rutter, M Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Beyond Naturalisation: Citizenship Policy in an Age of Supermobility, A Research Report for the Lord Goldsmith Citizenship Review (London: IPPR, 2008) 26.

Pollard

Explores some of the future trends for migration flows between A8 countries and UK, [some might apply to Brazilian migration] 1) Development in sending country may lead to a reduction in push factors1 2) Diversion to alternative destinations -note that even without the issue of entry restrictions the demand of the British labour market has been higher than that of other EU countries.2 demographic changes leading to fall of potential migrants.3 4) Devaluing of pound sterling, reduction of pull factor.4
1N Pollard, Ma Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Floodgates or Turnstiles: Post-EU Enlargement Migration Flows to (and from) the UK, (London: IPPR, 2008) 48.
2N Pollard, Ma Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Floodgates or Turnstiles: Post-EU Enlargement Migration Flows to (and from) the UK, (London: IPPR, 2008) 49–50.
3N Pollard, Ma Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Floodgates or Turnstiles: Post-EU Enlargement Migration Flows to (and from) the UK, (London: IPPR, 2008) 51.
4N Pollard, Ma Latorre & D Sriskandarajah, Floodgates or Turnstiles: Post-EU Enlargement Migration Flows to (and from) the UK, (London: IPPR, 2008) 51.

Nathan

Critiques the way that migration is often presented in terms of national benefits v local costs; argues that there is a lack of research on the long term impact of migration on local communities.1
uneven spread of migrants across Britain, concentration in large cities but increasing presence in rural areas.2
Key agencies (1) Home office (2) MAC- Migration Advisory Committee has the role of determining employer needs (3) MIF- Migration Impact Forum3
compared to other countries long term migration intake in the UK is low, yet short term migration flow is high, and becoming more significant than long term.4
migration leading to changes in both large and smaller urban areas with an increase in diversity.5
Three major effects of migration on local economies: 1) skills 2) diversity 3) size of population and of economy.6
employers like migrants: 1) “hard and soft skills” 2) “bring fresh ideas, approaches and experiences.”7
tendency for the “downgrading” of highly skilled migrants.8
In the long term migration expected to have little if no effect on wage and employment levels. In the short term impact may be reduced by migrants competing between themselves for jobs UK population do not want. Marginalisation of migrants may cause problems as this may encourage a “cheap labour” fix rather than an improvement in technology and in the skills of the existing workforce.9
Diversity 1) widens skill set 2) innovation 3) emergence of new markets, both in the country and overseas.10
migrants have a “housing footprint” that is below average due to the tendency to share accomodation.11
1M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 7.
2M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 9.
3M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 11.
4M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 12.
5M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 14.
6M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 15.
7M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 16.
8M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 18.
9M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 18–19.
10M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 20–22.
11M Nathan, Your Place or Mine? The Local Economics of Migration, (London: IPPR, 2008) 24.

Dustmann

Large proportion of working immigrants are recent arrivals, 8% arrived in the last year, one third in the last 10.1
points to an increasing diversity in the country of origin of immigrants.2
“He ¯nds that immigrants are more likely to be self-employed than UK-born individuals with similar levels of skills. Borjas explains these results with what he calls enclave effects: Immigrants create enclaves by concentrating in geographical areas. Such enclaves then provide self-employment opportunities for other members of the respective national group. In these enclaves UK-born individuals lack knowledge of language and preferences of potential customers and have therefore a disadvantage when competing for the same self-employment opportunities.”3

“When computing the effect of language prffciency on the employment and wage gap between UK-born individuals and ethnic minority immigrants, the study concludes that lan-guage largely reduces differences in both economic outcomes.”4

claim that it is difficult to quantify the impact of immigration on the employment and wages of the resident population (1) on unemployment no clear evidence of adverse effect, some indication of increased unemployment but so small to be statistically insignificant (2) on wages, some indication of higher wages.5
1C Dustmann, F Fabri, I Preston & J Wadsworth, Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK Labour Market, Home Office Online Report 05/03 available online at www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/rdsolr0503.pdf 19.
2C Dustmann, F Fabri, I Preston & J Wadsworth, Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK Labour Market, Home Office Online Report 05/03 available online at www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/rdsolr0503.pdf 19–20.
3C Dustmann, F Fabri, I Preston & J Wadsworth, Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK Labour Market, Home Office Online Report 05/03 available online at www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/rdsolr0503.pdf, 41.
4C Dustmann, F Fabri, I Preston & J Wadsworth, Labour Market Performance of Immigrants in the UK Labour Market, Home Office Online Report 05/03 available online at www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/rdsolr0503.pdf, 57.
5C Dustmann, F Fabri, I Preston & J Wadsworth, The Local Labour Market Effects of Immigration in the UK, Home Office Online Report 06/03 available online at www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/rdsolr0603.p , 4–7.

Yates

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“globalization presents Christians with a rare opportunity...to think afresh how we steward the gospel in light of complex global realities, as well as how we conduct ourselves as members of a genuine global faith.”¹

refers to how globalization is linked both to what is good and what is evil in the world.²

provides a series of definitions of globalization.³

distinguishes between globalization which refers to specific forces and processes and globalism, specific ideological forces which seek to shape globalization.⁴

“Globality does not always describe an individual person’s awareness of globalization, but it does describe the unavoidable context of his or her life course and life chances. We are, each of us,

cosmopolitans now”⁵

“We propose defining globalization as a set of complexly related historical processes by which local situations throughout the world are increasingly interconnected within a single, but often conflicted, social space.”⁶

“Today, in the wake of the War on Terror and the fear over contagious disease, the world appears less open, however inter-connected it may remain”⁷

claims that the distinction between refugee and immigrant is becoming unclear, arbitrary and unhelpful.⁸

“The number of migrants

— defined as people who have lived outside their homeland for one year or more — is

estimated at 150 million. These international migrants are unevenly spread across the

globe, despite excited xenophobic foreboding that Western societies are being

overwhelmed by immigrants. Most global migration takes place within the non-Western

world in the form of South-South migration. Sub-Saharan Africa, with an estimated 35

million migrants, has the largest numbers of any continent, followed by Asia and the Middle

East. Additionally, most migrants — including the bulk of the world’s 17 million officially

registered refugees and asylum seekers — stay in their region of origin. At the same time,

there are significant movements of people on-the-move from South to the North. Indeed, it is

noteworthy that South-to-North migration accounts for 40 percent of trans-boundary flows.16

What begin as South-South transfers often end up as South-to-North flows.”⁹ Scope of migration is of course greater because it also affects those who remain geographically static.¹⁰

on migrants “The wealthy typically fare well, enjoying amenities cosmopolitan centres offer

in education, culture, entertainment and services, while the poor typically fall between

cracks (or gaping holes) due to insufficient human service infrastructures, crime and

poverty”¹¹

narrates the issue of migration in the Japanese and Canadian churches.¹²

“It is helpful to remember that contemporary globalization increasingly describes a world in which what is one Christian’s “Samaria, Jerusalem, and the World” turns out to be another Christian’s in

reverse; our own familiar localities are another Christian’s “ends of the earth.”¹³

refers to the concept of “brain drain”. In the case of Christian leaders an ambiguous concept, as many have the opportunity for missionary service in the West/North.¹⁴

“It happens that most of the non-Western missionary movement today consists of

lay people who are on the move — of women and children, labourers, refugees, students

and diasporic communities.”¹⁵

Critiques the Western model of mission for being dependent on affluence in the sending country.¹⁶

“how internationalized Western agencies can unwittingly create a Western mindset for non-Western missionaries in their organization.”¹⁷

1J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 7.

2J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 13.

3J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 17.

4J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 17–19.

5J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 20.

6J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 22.

7J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 24.

8J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 25.

9J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 25.

10J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 26.

11J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 28.

12J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 28–29.

13J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 29.

14J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 35.

15J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 43–44.

16M Shaw Jr, “The Future of Kingdom Work in a Globalizing World” in J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 47–49, 47.

17M Shaw Jr, “The Future of Kingdom Work in a Globalizing World” in J Yates, Globalization and the Gospel: Rethinking Mission in the Contemporary World, Lausanne Occasional Paper No. 30, (Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, 2005) available online at www.lausanne.org [Accessed August 5 2008] 47–49, 48.

Pohl

CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15.

“In the past, we might have designated these people as voluntary migrants rather than as refugees, but it is clear now that the distinctions are often more blurred—economic, sociopolitical, and religio-ethnic conditions interact, leaving certain populations highly vulnerable.”¹

sensation of displacement balanced with hope and resilience.²

“The sense of being a stranger is common, even ubiquitous, even in our societies.”³

points to the identity of Israel as sojourners/aliens, even in the promised land, and how this is the basis for the provisions for care of the stranger in OT.⁴

sees tension between welcome to the stranger and the exclusion of foreign elements which might weaken Israel's exclusive commitment to Yahweh.⁵

“Jesus is stranger, guest, host, and meal; it is no wonder that hospitality is a central motif of Scripture.”⁶

“The expansion of the church depended on hospitality and on believers who were willing to make a place in their homes for strangers”⁷

Focuses on the centrality of hospitality for the life of the early church.⁸

“The best hosts live in ways that keep them somewhat distant from the power dynamics and status distinctions of the larger society. ..They recognize that the world is not their home while simultaneously creating homes and communities that are life-giving and life-sustaining.”⁹

1CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 3.

2CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 4.

3CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 5.

4CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 5–7.

5CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 7.

6CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 7.

7CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 8.

8CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 8–9.

9CD Pohl, “Biblical Issues in Mission and Migration” , Missiology: An International Review, 31:1 (2003) 3–15, 9–10.

Winder

R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004),

points to immigration being concentrated in London as opposed to the rest of the nation¹ (315)

"Even the word 'tolerance' became a subject for debate, implying as it did a hierarchy of rights in which a benign elite 'tolerated' the outlandish habits of its inferiors. Public servants were sounding oddly old-fashioned, speaking warmly about ethnic minorities in tones reminiscent of a memsahib praising those absolutely marvellous native wallahs who served such wonderful cocktails on the verandah."² (319)

There was a fresh burst of migration on the way, and it was diffuse and impossible to pin down. It had no geographical centre; it involved almost the whole world." ³ (319-320)

by 2000 150 million classified as migrants " a demographic phenomenon that had no precedent" (320)⁴

Globalisation, by concentrating wealth, increases the pressure to migrate ⁵(320)

cheap air fares and quicker communications...."the developed world...could now view Britain as nothing more than a cheap journey away."⁶ (320)

Attractions of Britain for migrants:

(1) cosmopolitan(2) established networks of migrants (3) freedom of religion (4) welfare state (5) large deregulated economy 6) fluid service sector (7) relatively tolerant (8) no ID Cards ⁷ (321)

artificial distinction between those who were asylum seekers (genuine) and economic migrants (bogus) "Were we saying that we were happy...to accept people running from a secret police force, but not those fleeing from starvation." ⁸(322)

"Liberal observers remarked that something had changed in Britain, it was now possible to imprison people who had not committed any crime."⁹ (323)

"important freedoms were being upheld by the vigilance of an independent judiciary in defiance of the vote-currying whims of elected politicians." (¹⁰323)

"Britain was doing its clumsy best to be fair." ¹¹ points out worse treatment in other European countries(329)

"politicians and tabloid newspapers colluded in what amounted to a sustained below-the-belt advertising campaign designed to promote feelings of fear and fury."¹² (337)

claims that British public was misled to believe that immigration was a bigger problem than it really was...lack of authoritative statistics...points to illegal migrants in the black economy....claims that due to their lack of rights they were unlikely to be here to stay...¹³(338-339)

against seeing migrants as an economic burden points to:

(1) migrants contribute more in tax than they receive in benefits (2) valuable international aid service through remittances home (3) carry out dangerous, dirty and difficult jobs others do not do (4) taking low wages, relieve inflationary pressures (5) help sustain consumer boom (6) help finance pension system ¹⁴(340-341)

"Migrants tend to be young but...not too young. They arrive ready to work, so the state does not have to bear the costs of their childhoods." ¹⁵ (341)"If anything exile promotes hard work."¹⁶ (341)

"If it were true that migration is economically harmful, then America would be a minnow, not a superpower." ¹⁷(342)

"we have grown accustomed to believing that were there are problems there must be solutions, and that the failure to find them can signal only incompetence or ill-will. In this case, the closest thing to a simple answer is that immigration will remain a powerful....force in world affairs while wealth remains so unevenly distributed." ¹⁸(345)

liberal paradox..."philosophical difficulties Western democracies face when they seek to deny the very freedoms on which they themselves were founded." ¹⁹(347)

"The English are famously...xenophobic....yet there is a national knack...for appropriating foreign influences and co-opting them as our own." ²⁰(349)

1R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 315.

2R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 319.

3R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 319–320.

4R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 320.

5R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 320.

6R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 320.

7R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 321.

8R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 322,

9R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 323.

10R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 323,

11R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 329

12R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 337.

13R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 338–339.

14R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 340–341.

15R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 341.

16R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 341.

17R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 342.

18R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 345.

19R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 347.

20R. Winder, Bloody Foreigners, (London: Little, Brown, 2004), 349.

Jackson

J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986)

"The assumption...that the natural condition of man is sedentary has been responsible for a number of misconceptions regarding the nature of migration." ¹(2)

migration-- significant movement; sustained; distinct social transition ²(4)

difficulty in assessing data on migration, limitation of census³ (9-11)

classical theory of migration: "Benthamite principle" seen in terms of push and pull factors

Ravenstein model makes this more sophisticated by introducing "intervening variables" ⁴(13-15)

"This push-pull model...assumes a process of rational decision-making and perfect knowledge of the system."⁵

Lind claims that labour market models need to become more sophisticated and move beyond simply the level of wages and take into account other economic variables such as infrastructure and social and cultural factors ⁶(17-18)

"As capitalism has expanded throughout the world it has consistently brought new groups into the labour market."⁷ (20)

Petras..."labour migration is explained by the economic and political influence of the core economies over the peripheral" ⁸(21-22)

o importance of a tradition within the family of moving or staying ⁹(39)

o migration linked to an increase in population¹⁰ (41)

o "the absorption of migrants is very dependent on the policies adopted by the host society in receiving immigrants and the attitudes of the people most immediately affected."¹¹ (51)

"Simmel...showed how solidarity was achieved by reference to the other, the outsider, the alien."¹² (74)

o "the act of migration represents a challenge to the known grounds of conformity in both societies that the migrant inhabits."¹³ (74)

" a very general tendency for migrant women who became employed after a move to the city to gain a freedom from many features of traditional dependency defined by their cultural background." ¹⁴(75)

immigrant caught in the contradiction between policies promoting the free flow of labour and capital and those adopting protectionist strategies.¹⁵ (76)

Migration (1) Reserve army; (2) Selectivity; (3) Brain-drain; (4) fragmentation of the working class¹⁶ (79)

1J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 2.

2J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 4.

3J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 9–11.

4J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 13–15.

5J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 15.

6J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 17–18.

7J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 20.

8J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 21–22.

9J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 39.

10J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 41.

11J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 51.

12J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 74.

13J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 74.

14J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 75.

15J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 76.

16J.A. Jackson, Migration, (London: Longman, 1986) 79.

Conn and Ortiz

o "In the English speaking world the inner-city core is increasingly reserved for the poor and the non Anglo-Saxon immigrants. In non-English speaking Europe, by comparison, people of different income groups live intermingled in the city while preserving class distinctions within and among buildings."¹ (69)

"the city becomes the land of those who are left behind- the poor, the underemployed, the ethnic outsider. The conditions they inherit are economic decline, physical decay and social disintegration.²" (70)

fortress Europe and foreigners being considered second class citizens³ (71)

"the deep-rootedness of England's class system is in conflict with this multiethnic presence."⁴ (72)

"the Western European welcome to the guest worker is vanishing in the face of automation and the transfer of specialized industries to other parts of the world"⁵ (208-209)

links to racism against immigrants ⁶(209)

international travel has increased migration, greater feminization of migrants ⁷(212)

o impact of migration: (i) unsettled (ii) loss of family support system (iii) open to novelty⁸ (319-320)

ethnic identity linked to encountering otherness⁹ (321)

immigration process

(i) voluntary segregation followed either by assimilation or pluralism ¹⁰(321-323)

o

claims that applying the HUP in multi-ethnic cities actually ends up killing churches as "these churches literally die off because they are incapable of reaching out to the new citizens of the community, people who are from a different ethnic group and maybe even a different socioeconomic class."¹¹ (331)

Ortiz models of integrating ethnic churches:

(1) renting model

(2) celebrative model--still separate but diversity celebrated

(3) integrative model--co-equal leadership, shared ownership of facilities, vision and ministry approach. ¹²(331-332)

o

Second generation ethnic churches: immigrant churches: torn between two languages. Principles

(1) maintain their identity

(2) know their own history

(3) church leaders need to understand them

(4) need for leadership

(5) language--sermons in English but other language used for other items¹³ (333)

o

spiritual warfare in cities---religious pluralism, polarization of ethnic groups ¹⁴(358-359)

1H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 69.

2H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 70.

3H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 71.

4H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 72.

5H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 208–209.

6H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001)209.

7H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 212.

8H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 319–320.

9H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 321.

10H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 321–323.

11H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 331.

12H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 331–332.

13H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001)333.

14H. Conn & M. Ortiz, Urban Ministry: The Kingdom, the City and the People of God, (Illinois: Downers Grove, 2001) 358–359.

Castles and Miller

1990s-- extreme-right mobilization and "supposed threats to national identity" brought these issues to the centre ofg the political stage.¹ (9)

"immigration complicates existing conflicts or divisions in societies with long-standing ethnic minorities."² (12)

tension and contradiction between seeking assimilation and allowing long-term cultural difference.³ (12-13)

"Immigration has often taken place at the same time as economic restructuring and major changes in political and social structures...people whose conditions of life are already changing in an unpredictable way often see the newcomers as the cause of insecurity. They fear that they are being 'swamped' by forces beyond their control...Migrations and minorities are seen as a danger to living standards, life styles and social cohesion..."⁴ (13

Racism as a threat not just to immigrants but also to democracy and social order.⁵ (13)

challenge of shaping social policies and structuring social services.⁶ (14)

nation state founded on the myth of cultural and political unity, threatened by the arrival of immigrants. resolution sought through rules governing citizenship and naturalisation.⁷ (14)

"migrants intentions at the time of departure are poor predictors of actual behaviour."⁸ (18)

sets the behaviour of the migrant beyond the individual dimension in the context of social changes in country of origin and country to which will migrate ⁹(18)

Ravenstein, push and pull theories, generally quite individualistic and ahistorical¹⁰ (19-20)

crititicised for being simplistic and unable to explain "actual movements or predicting future ones." ¹¹(20-21)

do not explain

(1) why it is not the poorest who migrate, but those of an intermediate state.

(2) why migration is often towards densely populated areas not away from them.

(3) why migrants choose to go to some areas and not others. ¹²(21)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993)9.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 12.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 12–13,

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 13.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 13.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 14.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 14.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 18.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 18.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 19–20.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 20–21.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21.

Castles and Miller

existence of prior links between sending and receiving countries based on colonisation, political influence, trade investment or cultural ties."¹ (21)

"the state almost invariably plays a major role in initiating, shaping and controlling movements."² (21-2

migration systems approach: macro-structures--> large scale institutional factors; micro-structures--->networks, practices and beliefs of the migrants³ (22)

macro structures: political economy of the world market, relationships between states, policies and practices of sending and receiving countries ⁴(23)

four stage migratory process

(1) temporary labour migration

(2) prolonging of stay and establishment of labour networks

(3) family reunion

(4) permanent settlement⁵ (25)

model less appropriate for refugee movements or short term migration of highly skilled personnel⁶ (25)

"Critics of immigration portray ethnic minorities as a threat to economic well-being, public order and national identity. Yet these ethnic minorities may in fact be the creation of the very people who fear them."⁷ (26)

"An ethnic minority is therefore a product of both 'other-definition' and of self-definition."⁸ (27)

"whether ethnicity is 'primordial', 'situational' or 'instrumental' need not concern us further here. The point is that ethnicity leads to identification with a specific group, but its visible markers- phenotype, language, culture, customs, religion, behaviour,- may also be used as criteria for exclusion by other groups." ⁹(29)

"Racism means making (and acting upon) predictions about people's character, abilities or behaviour on the basis of socially constructed markers of difference." ¹⁰(30)

Structural racism--> developing structures that exclude or discriminate; Informal racism--> behaviour by members of the dominant group¹¹ (30)

increase in racism linked to decline in optimism and the fact that world economic restructuring has occurred at the same time as the arrival of ethnic minorities.¹² (30-31)

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 21–22.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 22

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 23.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 25.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 25.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 26.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 27.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 29.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 30–31.