Castles and Miller

"new forms of global migration and growing ethnic diversity are related to fundamental transformations in economic, social and political structures in this post-modern and post-Cold War epoch."¹ (2)

"Developments included the upheavels in the former Soviet bloc, the Gulf War; the Intfada in occupied Palestine; the crumbling of apartheid in South Africa; wars, famines and crises throughout Africa; rapid growth and development in Asia; a shift from dictatorships to unstable and debt-plagued democracies in Latin America; and growing economic and political integration in Western Europe."² (2-3)

underdeveloped countries migration linked to the "social crisis which accompanies integration into the world market and modernisation."³ (3)

point out that many international migrants are those who previously were rural-urban migrants.⁴ (3)

reasons for migration

(1) Growing inequalities between North and South

(2) political, ecological and demographic pressures

(3) creation of new free trade areas⁵

(4)

o

"Venezuela, Brazil, the Dominican Republic and Argentina are major poles of immigration. Many countries are simultaneously countries of emigration and immigration."⁶ (7-8)

o

tendencies:

Globalization of migration; accelaration of migration; differentiation of migration; feminisation of migration⁷

(8)

o

"it was only in the late 1980s that international migration began to be accorded high-level and systematic attention...as the European Community countries removed their internal boundaries, they became increasingly concerned about strengthening external boundaries..."⁸ (9)

1 S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 2.

2 S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 2–3.

3 S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 3.

4 S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 4.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 4.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 7–8.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 8.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 9.