"the persistence of labour market segmentation of immigrants is a theme common to many of the more recent studies on immigrants and labour markets." ¹(173)

"Immigration has extremely unequal effects upon different social strata. Some groups clearly gain...large investors and employers who favour expanded immigration as part of a strategy for deregulation of the labour market. The losers would be many of the migrants themselves...some existing members of the workforce."² (173-174)

clustering of migrants at the higher and lower levels of the labour market³ (174)

"The process of labour market segmentation lead to a long-term marginalisation of certain groups, including many of the new immigrants from non-traditional sources."⁴ (178)

"the casualisation of labour and growing illegal alien employment are characteristic attributes of global cities. Considerable illegal employment of aliens often coincides with high unemployment of citizens and resident aliens."⁵ (179)

woman immigrant labour defined- citing Morokvasic- as both the most flexible and the most vulnerable labour supply. Incorporated into sexually segregated work markets at the lowest stratum⁶. (181)

"in some countries we can speak of the formation of ethnic communities in others of the formation of ethnic minorities. In the first case, the immigrants and their descendants are seen as an integral part of a multicultural society which is willing to reshape its culture and identity. In the second, immigrants are excluded and marginalized, so that they live on the fringes of a society which is determined to preserve the myths of a static and homogeneous identity."⁷ (195)

"There has been a convergence of policies in European countries: the former colonial countries have been more restrictive, while the former guestworker countries have become less so."⁸ (199)

"Increased racism, restriction of the rights of foreigners, demands for repatriation and the creation of 'fortress Europa' cannot but worsen the social and political provision of existing minorities."⁹ (199)

"discriminatory immigration policies cannot stop the completion of the migratory process, but they can be the first step towards the marginilisation of the future settlers."¹⁰ (201) as when immigrants have to conform to the myth of the "short-term sojourn"¹¹ (200) they are unable to plan for a future as part of wider society ¹²(200-201).

1S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 173.

2S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 173–174.

3S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 174.

4S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 178.

5S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 179.

6S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 181.

7S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 195.

8S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 199.

9S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 199.

10S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993)201.

11S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 200.

12S. Castles & M. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, (London: Macmillan, 1993) 200–201.