Martin

Pentecostal anticatholicism: dislike of papism, Marianism and syncretism; experience of persecution¹ (236)

unlike historical denominations, Pentecostals are unwilling to work with Catholics² (236-237)

"Christian Lalive D'Epinay sees Pentecostalism as a refuge for the masses which reproduces much of the closeness and the patronal relations of the hacienda...allows a man to be alienated from society...offers him a free space wherein he may retain at least some dignity."³ (243)

"Brazil was a second "frontier" for many US missionaries because some Southern colonists sought refuge in Brazil after the Civil War."⁴ (255-256)--> encouraged quietism in politics (256)

"any social change connected with Protestantism is restricted to the level of culture rather than structure."⁵ (256)

Presbyterian church--> struggle for national independence; conflict between youth and central bureacracies; after 1964 latter preferred authoritarian solutions⁶ (256-257)

"Pentecostalism went native precisely in the way that many missiological theorists prescribe but in doing so it reproduced some of the features of Brazilian society that one would expect Protestantism to challenge" such as issues of patronage and honour and shame⁷ (257)

defines favelas as rural subcultures looking at an alien urban world."⁸ (258)

Pentecostalism: mutual support; emotional release; sense of ID+dignity; substitute society caring for its own⁹ (258)

Points to Brasil para Cristo's resistance to the military regime¹⁰ (258-259)

discussion of issue of patronage+authority: Pastors instructing members how to vote¹¹ (259)

Politically Baptists--> Moral Majority; Pentecostalism--> central; Historical Protestants--> strongly left or right¹² (259)

"The Latin American heirs of the Iberian empire have suffered cumulative political and economic defeat at the hands of the North American heirs of the British Empire"¹³ (271) sees this as the context in which the arrival of Protestantism in Latin America is to be interpreted¹⁴ (272)

Voluntarism; revivalism and participatory enthusiasm of Evangelical Protestantism in England intensified in North American¹⁵ (273-275)

in America "the prototypes of Pentecostal and evangelical religion now went into full cultural reproduction ready for eventual transportation across the Rio Grande"¹⁶ (274)

In Latin America after 300 years in which religion and social fabric were held together as one process of differentiation is occurring¹⁷ (278) similar process occurred in Britain and then in America. These countries influenced Latin America but nonetheless process is independent.¹⁸ (278)

" As the sacred canopy in Latin America is rent and the all-encompassing system cracks, evangelical Christianity pours in and by its own autonomous native power creates free social space"¹⁹ (280)

Religious influence part of a wider American influence in Latin America²⁰ (280-281)

points to American influence on Catholicism: 1) Charismatic catholicism begun in North America 2) priesthood comes from N. America 3) many partisans of Lib Theology educated/come from North America²¹ (281)

Latin American Pentecostalism as the Latin Americanization of American religion²² (282-283)

influence of urbanization: "Evangelical Christianity is a dramatic migration of the spirit matching and accompanying a dramatic migration of bodies."²³ (284) loss of all ties that bind, familial, communal or ecclesial²⁴ (284) "new cell taking over from scarred and broken tissue"²⁵ (284)

Catholicism--> ecclesiastical functionaries tended to be more concerned with their careers than Catholic devotion, concern with entering political and social elites.²⁶ (288)

Pentecostalism--> first encounter for many with biblical based, personal faith²⁷ (289)Catholic responses in Catholic action and Liberation Theology²⁸ (289)

"Liberation theology has a decided middle class and radical intellectual alien to the localized needs of the 'poor'"²⁹ (296)

re: Secularization tends tentatively to European exceptionalism as in Latin America unlike Europe Protestantism/Pentecostalism came with the rupture of the sacred canopy, not being part of the sacred canopy itself ³⁰(296-298)

1D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 236.

2D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 236–237.

3D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 243.

4D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 255–256.

5D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 256.

6D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 256–257.

7D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 257.

8D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 258.

9D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 258.

10D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 258–259.

11D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 259.

12D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 259.

13D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 271.

14D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 272.

15D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 273–275.

16D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 274.

17D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 278.

18D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 278.

19D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 280.

20D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 280–281.

21D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 281.

22D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 282–283.

23D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 284.

24D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 284.

25D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 284.

26D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 288.

27D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 289.

28D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 289.

29D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 296.

30D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 296–298.