Solomos

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Increase in concern over race and immigration in Britain, US and Europe in the last two decades. 1) “resurgence of racist social and political movements…partly because of the mobilisation of anti-immigrant sentiments.” Issue of new forms of migration, asylum seekers and refugees.¹

Refers to “the shifting tides of public opinion on such issues as religious differences, refugee and asylum policy, immigration and more recently illegal immigrants.”²

In Britain refers to “racialisation” in “employment, housing, education and alw and order.”³

Refers to Miles’ claim of a contradiction between “on the one hand the need of the capitalist world economy for the mobility of human beings, and on the other, the drawing of territorial boundaries and the construction of citizenship as a legal category which sets boundaries for human mobility.”⁴

Goldberg: movement from racism to racisms.⁵

“In numerical terms Irish migration to Britain over the past two centuries has been far greater than immigration by other groups. Yet there has been little direct state intervention to regulate immigration and settlement, particularly compared with the state's response to Jewish and black migrations.”⁶ liassez faire approach did not mean lack of hostility towards Irish immigrants.⁷

“images of the racial or cultural inferiority of the Irish were based not only on particular ideological constructions of the Irish but also on the definition of Englishness or Anglo-Saxon culture in terms of particular racial and cultural attributes. In later years such images of uniqueness and purity of Englishness were to prove equally important in political debates on black migration and settlement.”⁸

outlines the negative response to Jewish migration in the late 19^th and early 20^th century. Exemplified in the Alien Order Act which established the concept of “alien” and the tool of “deportation”. ⁹ re: threat of fascism “there was political reluctance to act decisevely to help Jewish refugees because of widespread anti-Semitism in British society.”¹⁰

Harris “a central theme of the debates on black communities during the interwar period was the supposed social problems to which their presence gave rise”¹¹

“early immigration legislation was concerned with the entry into Britain of people who by law were aliens, that is, non-British citizens.”¹²

“the two most common responses to black immigration and settlement in this period [interwar] were political debates on the need to control their arrival and calls for the repatriation of those who had already settled in Britain.”¹³

“immigration and race were contested issues long before the arrival of large numbers of black colonial immigrants from 1945.”¹⁴

1 J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 3.

2 J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 4.

3 J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 7.

4 J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 27

5 J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 30.

6J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 38.

7J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 39.

8J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 39.

9J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 40–44.

10J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 44.

11J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 44.

12J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 45.

13J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 47.

14J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 48.