Significant episodes 1) victory of an anti-Immigration Conservative candidate Peter Griffiths, in Smethwick in 1964.1 2) the arrival of East African Asians from Kenya and Uganda and the Labour 1968 Act deliberately target at them.2 Powell –significant for the defence of compulsory repatriation and construction of the image of “white Britains becoming 'strangers' in their 'own country'3
“In summary the decade 1961–1971 saw the introduction of three major pieces of legislation aimed largely at excluding black immigrants.”4
“Conservative Party [inc. Thatcher] chose to emphasise the supposed dangers posed to British social and cultural values by the black and ethnic minority people already settled in Britain.”5
Three main areas of Conservative action in government 1979–1997: 1) tightening of immigration controls 2) British nationality act 3) dealing with the issue of asylum seekers and refugees.6
1981 Nationality Act: created three kinds of ctizenship (British Citizen British Dependent Territories Citizen and British Overseas Citizen) effectively “enshrining racially discriminatory provisions [MacDonald and Blake]”7
black communities identified as the source of community problems.8
lack of concrete evidence in this period to substantiate claims of the nation being swamped.9
“In summary the Thatcher and Major eras can be seen as a time in which concerns about immigration, asylum seekers and refugees became entangled with wider preoccupations about the social and cultural impact of migrant communities, leading to the institutionalisation of an exclusionary framework that sought to restrict immigration.”10
Whilst in opposition discourse of Labour party developed to regard immigration laws as racist, and the need for firm laws which were “both non-racist and non-sexist.”11
“illustrate New Labour's concern with being tough, and being seen to be tough, on immigration.”12
Describes the provisions of the 1999 Immigration and Asylum act as “draconion” particularly 1) the voucher scheme2) enforced dispersal 3) detention scheme 4) carrier's liability13
2000 Race Relations Act “exempted from its remit immigration and nationality decisions provided for in statutes or expressly required or authorised by ministers” ministers not allowed to discriminate based on race or colour but allowed based on ethnic and national origin.14
extension of detention facilities for families.15
concerning Hattersly's formula affirmed that “ the rationale behind this argument was never articulated clearly, but it was at least partly based on the idea that the fewer immigrants....there were, the easier it would be to integrate them into the English way of life and its social and cultural values.”16
1J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 59–60.
2J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 60–61.
3J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 61.
4J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 64.
5J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 64.
6J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 64.
7J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 65.
8J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 66.
9J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 66–67.
10J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 68.
11J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 69.
12J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 71.
13J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 72–73.
14J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 74.
15J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 75.
16J Solomos, Race and Racism in Britain, Third Edition, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003, 81.
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