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prior to the 1950s "Brazil was something of an exception in having a staid Protestant Middle class"¹ (50)

"During roughly their first century in Latin America Protestants were regarded as alien invaders by conservatives...natural opponents of the alliance between church and state, and opponents of the teaching of the Catholic religion in state schools. Liberal governments and anti-clericals regarded them as allies of progress and friends of welfare." ²(50)

1985 Protestant Pastors> Catholic Priests in Brazil ³(50-51)

"two distinctive genealogies...conservative evangelicalism...correct grammar of belief ... Pentecostal ... gifts of the Spirit...two other genealogies propagating rapidly...the Adventists...closely related to the evangelical family...Mormons and Witnesses who belong to quite diffetrent genealogical trees."⁴ (52)

Shift towards autonomy and fragmentation⁵ (52)

Older protestants link with the Protestant Ethic..."had made their way into the lower middle class and professional classes."⁶ (53)

"Pentecostals....constitute a much more extensive engagement with the poor....the flexibility and variety brought about by fragmentation both enables them to stay popular...and to create offshoots which can be offered either to those who are ready for mobility or to those already in the middle class."⁷ (53)

Use of media...due to costs still area of significant North American involvement ⁸(53)

"an explosion of conservative evangelical religion, a shift towards Pentecostalism, a rejection of ecumenism, and the manifestation among many of those involved of the evangelical capacity to unite modern technology with political conservative." ⁹(54)

Breaks in Hispanic dominance: (1) British/ US influence creating Protestant enclaves¹⁰ (55)

(2) Migration to Latin America. Often migrants bring their religion; at times situation may make migrants more open to change. "Thus the Italian community in Brazil provided a fertile seedbed for the origins of a Pentecostal denomination, Brasil para Cristo." ¹¹(56) (3) Slave migration. Interesting not only because it brought African religions but because "Pentecostalism in part originated in black culture...and Pentecostalism today catches fire among the brushwood of spiritist cults with African roots." ¹²(56)

Influence of the Patronato system..."In some countries during the Enlightenment, notably Brazil, the church was neutered and barely recovered. It is true that the Brazilian church was eventually Romanized again in the twentieth century, but the years of attrition left it perilously weak....the Roman Catholic Church has suffered both from the way it was established and the manner in which it was disestablished. "¹³ (57)

Culture often resistant to Catholic teaching...celibacy inintelligible and actual attendance at church often regarded as "suitable only for the very young, the old and the women." ¹⁴(57)

significance of Catholicism not so much in doctrines but in "cultural and national identifications"¹⁵ (58)

divisions in the church over politics make it more vulnerable to Protestantism¹⁶ (58)

"Pentecostalism itself is a form of base community plus the therapeutic recourse to the Spirit found in Umbanda" ¹⁷(61)

Modern Brazilian History: (1) 1800s-1930s (2) 1930s until today with subdivision in 1964¹⁸ (61)

1850s-1930s (1) shift towards modernity whilst power and social structure remained the same (2) emergence of several middle classes, arrival of immigrants (3) shift from NE to SE; modern urban centres developing through industrialization, migration and dispersion of former slaves¹⁹ (61-62)

1891 separation of church and state, re-romanization of RCC ²⁰(62-63)

"Brazilians...were not well disposed towards the priesthood and celibacy, and rarely sought ordination...priests had to be brought in from abroad...the equation between Catholic faith and being a patriotic citizen has had less force and less success in Brazil than in many other parts of Latin America." ²¹(62)

Presbyterians: inital group to make impact. More conservative ones came to Brazil. Divided over nationalism; balance between education and evangelism; ministerial training and freemasonry ²²(63)

Baptists: greater stress on evangelism. More socially inclusive. Decentralized so could cope better with schism; ²³(63)

"The greater success of Baptists relative to Presbyterians presaged the future success of Pentecostals. The Pentecostals were in most respects like the Baptist, only more so."²⁴ (63)

Methodists contributed to education and welfare but not to the church.²⁵ (63)

"Protestants could find an opening either where there was movement as on the frontier, or where there was modest independence." ²⁶(64)

Protestantism: dislike of alcohol; promiscuity and dancing. Attachment to work and social mobility²⁷ (64)

Pastors: rural middle class; ascension of progeny; "were power brokers and patrons in prop²⁸er Brazilian style." (64)

authoritarian spirit in Protestantism paved way for division.²⁹ (64)

1930 Vargas coup--> industrialization + Urbanization. Emergence of working class as actors.³⁰ (64)

1930-1964 rapid expansion of Pentecostalism ³¹(65)

Pentecostalism...fully indigineous "cut people off from the wider society in order to raise them in a new religious framework."³² (65)

"Frase sums this up by saying that Pentecostalism offers the fruits of honesty and thrift and a surrogate family, as well as the chances of participation and a sense of work, meaning and empowerment."³³ (65)

Brasil para Cristo...use of modern communications...participation in secular politics...large central temple³⁴ (65)

expansion of Pentecostals into Middle class exemplified by R. McAlister's Church of New Life³⁵ (66)

1D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 50.

2D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 50.

3D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 50–51.

4D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 52.

5D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 52.

6D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 53.

7D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 53.

8D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 53.

9D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 54.

10D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 55.

11D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 56.

12D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 56.

13D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 57.

14D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 57.

15D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 58.

16D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 58.

17D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 61.

18D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 61.

19D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 61–62.

20D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 62–63.

21D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 62.

22D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 63.

23D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 63.

24D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 63.

25D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 63.

26D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 64.

27D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 64.

28D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 64.

29D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 64.

30D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 64.

31D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 65.

32D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 65.

33D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 65.

34D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 65.

35D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 66.