Martin

conversion linked to independence, either through self-employment or by the despair caused by the loss of support¹ (186)

"Protestantism emerges at a certain point in the opening of a society...picks up sectors beginning to detach themselves through classic processes of differentiation and marginality.²" (202)

"faith spreads from relative to relative, neighbour to neighbour, but rarely from door to door ³(203)

Pentecostalism both an activation of elements latent in Catholicism and the realization of elements of the Protestant Ethic⁴ (203)

"Evangelical religion and economic advancement do often go together and when they do so appear mutually to support and reinforce one another" ⁵(206)

economic advancement--> groups of strangers who support one another: Mormons, both Americanization + Protestant ethic; JWs and Adventists: Protestant Sectarient mentality⁶ (207)

"benefficient effect of learning to read and preparing to preach"⁷ (213)

one century ago in Brazil Protestantism associated with liberal middle classes⁸ (226)

R. Frase "a whole new network of relationships between patrons and clients was created through a complex organization of churches, schools, seminaries, hospitals, etc... open and democratic promise of Protestantism was partly diminished by the pressures and exigencies of the system in which it had to operate."⁹ (226)

C. Mariz, self help common among the poor, not just in Pentecostals and CEBs. These however offer "alternative networks" with a "national scope and sacred sanction"¹⁰ (227)

ROlim: Pentecostals in commerce and service sectors. Social advancement more common among historical Protestants than Pentecostals¹¹ (227-228)

historically Pentecostalism leads to a dualism between 'the church' and the 'world'¹² (234)

in response to elite intellectual criticisms of this Pentecostal dualism "From their point of view, it is of the nature of poverty that the poor are too intellectually impoverished to know where their earthly treasure is located."¹³ (235)

re: Politics "There is no route which Pentecostal doctrine absolutely precludes, except adherence to a movement which is doctrinally atheistic."¹⁴ (236)

1D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 186.

2D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 202.

3D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 203.

4D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 203.

5D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 206.

6D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 207.

7D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 213.

8D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 226.

9D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 226.

10D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 227.

11D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 227–228.

12D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 234.

13D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 235.

14D. Martin, Tongues of Fire: Explosion of Protestantism in Latin America,(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1990) 236.