Frase Subversion

1810 Anglican Services allowed to be held for British subjects in Brazil, as long as the building did not look like a church and Missionary activity was prohibited

            1824 first arrival of German Lutheran Immigrants 1(180)
           Presbyterians 1859; Methodists 1876; Baptists 19881; Episcopalians 1889; Pentecostals 1910. 2(180)
           "These strained relationships and the distinctive manner in which these churches developed have both frustrated and disappointed the aspirations of many missionaries and the constituencies they represent." 3(181) 
           "Along with a new religious message they brought values, institutions, and cultural perspectives that they viewed as the solution to the problems of a society that many of them considered to be morally decadent, politically corrupt and technologically backward." 4(181)
           Provides examples of the "ethnocentrism" of missionaries who sought to take the American way of life to Brazil. 5(181)
           "churches, schools, seminaries, and other institutions introduced by them did not substantially transform Brazilian society." 6(182) instead resulted in a list of problems "considered atypical of Protestantism." 7(182) 
         o
           "It was never the conscious intention of the missionaries to create a new power centre within Brazilian society. However, as a latent function, their activity did just that. Over a period of time a new complex organization was created consisting of churches, schools, seminaries, hospitals, orphanages, publishing houses, retreat centers....a vast bureacracy was created to oversee this investment, which became a source of great economic and political power and social prestige..." 8(184)
           Re: many pastors "By means of the church's educational institution, they were transformed from untutored peasants into men of culture who were prepared to fill the pulpits of the most sophisticated urban churches and to assume positions of  power and prestige within various denominational bureacracies." 9(185) 
           "A pastor...was viewed by his congregation as a patron..." 10(186) 
           ability to use network of seminary colleagues 11(186) 
         o
           "the North American organizational structures that were transplanted to a new cultural environment developed in a manner markedly different from the missionaries' anticipations." (12186)
           re: Nepotism--->result of economic hardship and the power of family loyalty13 (187)
           links subversion of democracy; intolerance and misappropriation of funds to wider social trends 14(187-189)
           links pastors having more than one job to economic needs15 (189)
           "The clerical aspects of Brazilian Protestantism were not created by Brazilian Pastors but rather were defined by a society conceived and nutured by paternalistic dependent relationships." 16(191) 
           "if Protestant institutions failed to meet the expectations of the missionaries, they did not disappoint the expectations of Brazilians. The expectations of the nationals were more realistic, based upon their experience with other Brazilian institutions." (17

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 180.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 180.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 181.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 181.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 181.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 182.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 182.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 184.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 185.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 186.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 186.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 186.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 187.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 187–189.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 189.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 191.

RG Frase, ' The Subversion of Missionary Intentions by Cultural Values: the Brazilian Case' Review of Religious Research 23:2 (1981), 180–194, 191.