Bergunder 2

(1) Lalive d'Epinay in times of insecurity when old structures are breaking down the Pentecostal congregation provides a substitute for the feudal system with the pastor acting as a patron. "Pentecostal movement as a totalitarian fellowship which tends to cut itself off from society and construct its own opposing world...complete social passivity....¹(164)

(2) Willems: Pentecostalism rejection of ancient feudalist society, emphasising equality of believers and unmediated spirituality. Losers in society becomes heroes of faith. Puritan ethic. "fertile soil for the growth of a middle class."² (165)

(3) D. Martin: seen to be in the tradition of Willems. "interprets the growth of the Latin American Pentecostal movement as part of a global process of transformation." (165) Martin sees parallels with Methodism ³(165) Pentecostalism seen to create a "protective social capsule" within which people can discover their potential and abilities and move on in life ⁴(165-166) Sees Latin American Pentecostal growth as the protestantization of the region.⁵ (166)

(4) Kamsteeg: Pentecostal congregation combines hierarchichal elements, in that the authority is concentrated in the pastor, and egalitarian tendencies in that the same pastor is financially dependent on the congregation ⁶(167)

(5) Mariz : intermediate position between fatalism and a belief in the complete autonomy of the person ⁷(167) quoting Mariz "Pentecostalism thus helps the individual discover his autonomy by compating the oppression of society with another social model, and by combating spiritual oppression with a stronger and ethical supernatural power."⁸

1 M Bergunder, ' The Pentecostal Movement and Basic Ecclesial Communities in Latin America: Sociological Theories and Theological Debates', International Review of Mission 91:361 (2002), 163‫–186, 164.

2M Bergunder, ' The Pentecostal Movement and Basic Ecclesial Communities in Latin America: Sociological Theories and Theological Debates', International Review of Mission 91:361 (2002), 163‫–186, 165.

3M Bergunder, ' The Pentecostal Movement and Basic Ecclesial Communities in Latin America: Sociological Theories and Theological Debates', International Review of Mission 91:361 (2002), 163‫–186, 165.

4M Bergunder, ' The Pentecostal Movement and Basic Ecclesial Communities in Latin America: Sociological Theories and Theological Debates', International Review of Mission 91:361 (2002), 163‫–186, 165.

5M Bergunder, ' The Pentecostal Movement and Basic Ecclesial Communities in Latin America: Sociological Theories and Theological Debates', International Review of Mission 91:361 (2002), 163‫–186, 166.

6M Bergunder, ' The Pentecostal Movement and Basic Ecclesial Communities in Latin America: Sociological Theories and Theological Debates', International Review of Mission 91:361 (2002), 163‫–186, 167.

7M Bergunder, ' The Pentecostal Movement and Basic Ecclesial Communities in Latin America: Sociological Theories and Theological Debates', International Review of Mission 91:361 (2002), 163‫–186, 167.

8M Bergunder, ' The Pentecostal Movement and Basic Ecclesial Communities in Latin America: Sociological Theories and Theological Debates', International Review of Mission 91:361 (2002), 163‫–186, 167.